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    KRAFT AND MODIFIED KRAFT PULPING OF BAMBOO (PHYLLOSTACHYS BAMBUSOIDES)
    (Inst Technol Drewna, 2017) Deniz, İlhan; Okan, Onur Tolga; Serdar, Bedri; Şahin, Halil İbrahim
    Delignification of bamboo (Phyllostachys bambusoides) grown in the Eastern Black Sea region of Turkey was carried out by kraft, kraft-anthraquinone (AQ) and kraft-sodium borohydride (NaBH4) pulping under a variety of conditions to determine the effect of AQ, NaBH4 and cooking parameters on pulp and paper properties such as yield, kappa number, viscosity, and strength properties. The chemical composition and fibre dimensions of the cell wall of Phyllostachys bambusoides culm fibres were also investigated. The analysed data revealed the following optimum krafi pulping conditions: Active alkali, 16% (as Na2O); NaBH4, 0.3%; AQ, 0.1%; and cooking time, 90 min. The modified kraft method with 0.1% AQ was found to provide better pulp properties than those with 0.3% NaBH4. Increasing the thickness of chip used in cooking from 2.0 mm to 4.0 mm increase the yield. The optimum cooking conditions of Phyllostachys bambusoides modified krafi pulps were found to be: screened yield, 48.1%; reject ratio, 0.53%; kappa number; 24.1; viscosity, 1210 ml/g; breaking length, 6.05 kin; burst index, 5.08 kPa m(2)/g; tearing index, 4.99 mNm(2)/g; brightness 20.35%.
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    Quantifying the effect of pine mistletoe on the growth of Scots pine
    (Wiley, 2018) Bilgili, Ertuğrul; Öztürk, Murat; Coşkuner, Kadir Alperen; Baysal, İsmail; Serdar, Bedri; Yavuz, Hakkı; Usta, Yetkin
    Mistletoe infection results in substantial growth losses in mistletoe-infected forests. This study reports and evaluates the results of retrospective analyses of radial growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in relation to the level of infection of pine mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. austriacum). A total of 43 Scots pine trees were destructively sampled from different sites. Of these trees, 14 were uninfected and 29 were infected. Infection classes were determined using six-class dwarf mistletoe rating system (DMRS). All needle and mistletoe biomass were removed completely and weighed for each sampled tree. Subsamples from needles and all mistletoe biomass were taken to the laboratory for oven-dried weight determinations. Five-cm-thick wood discs were cut from the stem at the breast height (1.3m) to determine annual basal area increment for the last 25years. In addition to DMRS, new infection classes were created using mistletoe-to-needle biomass (MB/NB) ratio. The results showed that the radial growth losses could be as much as 41% to 64% at different infection levels. The rate of growth loss in relation to DMRS and MB/NB ratio was similar, but with a larger variability in DMRS values. The results showed that both DMRS rating and MB/NB ratio seem to be important for quantifying growth loss on Scots pine trees infected with mistletoe. The results of this study can also be invaluable in modelling the effects of mistletoe on the growth of Scots pine trees.
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    Relationships between environmental variables and wood anatomy of Quercus pontica C. Koch (Fagaceae)
    (Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2008) Yılmaz, Murat; Serdar, Bedri; Altun, Lokman; Usta, Ayhan
    We investigated the relationships between various soil characteristics and anatomical wood attributes of Quercus pontica C. Koch. Wood and soil samples were collected from Rize-Ikizdere-Cimil and Rize-Findikli, Turkey, where Q. pontica is widely distributed. The soil samples were analyzed for particle size distribution (sand, silt, and clay content), pH, organic matter, field capacity (moisture equivalent), wilting point, and available water capacity (AWC). Wood samples were obtained alone, with soil samples. To determine fiber characteristics, fibers were prepared using Schultze's method and measured under a microscope. We found significant correlations between wood anatomical features and soil characteristics. Altitude was 2 positively correlated with the number of vessels per mm (r=0.98, p < 0.01) and tracheld fiber wall thickness (r=0.36, p < 0.05). Altitude was negatively correlated with the length of vessel members (r=-0.83, p < 0.01), the radial diameter of vessel elements in latewood (r=-0.89, p < 0.01), the tanuential diameter of vessel elements in latewood (r= -0.96, p < 0.01), the height of uniseriate rays (r=-0.68, p < 0.01), and the number of uniseriate rays per mm (r=-0.89, p < 0.0 1). AWC was negatively correlated with the number of vessels per mm 2 (r=-0.74, p < 0.01). Furthermore, vessel element length (r=0.63), radial diameter of vessel elements in latewood (r=0.68), tangential diameter of vessel elements in latewood (r=0.73), height of uniseriate rays (r=0.68), and number of uniseriate rays per mm (r=0.53) were positively correlated with AWC (p < 0.01).