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Öğe Combustion, performance and emission discussion of soapberry seed oil methyl ester blends and exhaust gas recirculation in common rail direct fuel injection system(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Sajjad, Mohammed Owais Ahmed; Sathish, T.; Saravanan, R.; Asif, Mohammad; Linul, Emanoil; Agbulut, UmitResearch on alternative fuel production and compression ignition (CI) engine improvement techniques is more attractive recently. Waste-to-wealth concept refers that the utilization of the waste of soapberry seed and exhaust gas to run the common rail direct fuel injection type diesel engine by optimizing their contribution through experimental analysis is the novelty of this investigation. The recirculation of exhaust gas plays important role in improving the combustion in the engine, reducing the emissions, and improving the engine performance. Soapberry seed oil methyl ester economizes diesel consumption by mixing it into diesel. Transesterification is the method used to turn soapberry seed oil into biodiesel. In the common rail direct injection (CRDI) engine, a 10%, 20%, or 30% blend of soapberry seed oil methyl ester (SSOB) with diesel is utilized as fuel. For each mix, 10%- 30% of the volume of SSOB is added to the rest of the diesel. Along with these fuel types, exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) is used from 10% to 30% to test and optimize the best combinations for CRDI engines. The experimental results show that pure diesel with EGR recorded high heat release rate (HRR) and brake thermal efficiency (BTE) at the highest load possible. The maximum BTE of the tested tracks is 26.83% because of better combustion, which was achieved with 10% EGR and a combination of 30% SSOB and 70% Diesel. The increase in EGR such as 30% in 30% of SSOB with 70% of Diesel blend produced reduced NOx emission (865 ppm), smoke opacity (13%), and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions (10 ppm) than diesel fuel because of the dilution and chemical effects during combustion. Accordingly, the present research reveals that a 30% of soapberry seed oil methyl ester blend with 30% EGR is recommended for engine usage with lesser emission with better combustion and performance characteristics.Öğe Energy recovery from waste animal fats and detailed testing on combustion, performance, and emission analysis of IC engine fueled with their blends enriched with metal oxide nanoparticles(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Sathish, T.; Agbulut, Umit; Kumari, Vinod; Rathinasabapathi, G.; Karthikumar, K.; Jyothi, N. Rama; Kandavalli, Sumanth RatnaThe interest in researching alternative fuels is vital due to the alarming levels of environmental hazards of petroleum fuels. Since biodiesel is biodegradable, renewable, and has lower emissions, it has emerged as an appropriate choice for further investigation. The biodiesel and diesel blends with nanoparticle additives also contribute to improving efficiency and reducing the engine's exhaust emissions. Accordingly, this research analyzed the engine combustion, performance, and emission characteristics using Sheep fat (SF) biofuel blended with diesel fuel. The transesterification process produced the SF biodiesel, and the Zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were added as additives to improve the engine behaviors. The Sheep fat (SF) biofuel of 20 % volumetrically blended with conventional diesel fuel of 80 % (B20). Results of in-cylinder pressure, HRR, and BTE were recorded at the higher value using B20+ZnO 100 ppm and B20+ZnO 50 ppm blend fuel and BSFC was lowered compared with the nanoparticles-free fuel blends at higher load. Furthermore, the carbon monoxide (CO), Hydrocarbons (HC), and smoke levels have significantly decreased for both the B20+ZnO 100 and B20+ZnO 50 blends. For the B20+ZnO 100 fuel, these levels have decreased by roughly 28 %, 41 %, and 22 %, respectively, while for the B20+ZnO 50 blend, they have decreased by 24 %, 38 %, and 14 % at higher engine load. On the other hand, UHC, NOX, and smoke reduction percentage by using B20+ZnO 100 blend fuel is about 54.5, 52.4, and 45.4 % were reduced in comparison to these of diesel fuel. Compared with other test fuels, B20+ZnO 100 and B20+ZnO 50 blends significantly improve all engine characteristics.Öğe Enhancement of R600a vapour compression refrigeration system with MWCNT/TiO2 hybrid nano lubricants for net zero emissions building(Elsevier, 2023) Senthilkumar, A.; Prabhu, L.; Sathish, T.; Saravanan, R.; Jeyaseelan, G. Antony Casmir; Agbulutc, Umit; Mahmoud, Z.Net zero emissions building is widely investigated with great environmental care. In the case of refrigeration selection for net zero emissions building (NZEB), the ozone depletion potential is the primary criterion to choose the refrigerant. For achieving the NZEB, the R600a was preferred as it possesses the potential for global warming lower and zero potential for ozone depletion. This paper aims to amplify the coefficient of performance by utilizing MWCNT/TiO2 hybrid Nano lubricants in the R600a vapour compression refrigeration system. As numerous factors and equations are involved in the study and prediction of the Coefficient of Performance in vapour compression refrigeration systems which is comparatively complex and takes more time for promoting the development of precise prediction and results. Artificial neural networks (ANN) and adaptive neuro-fuzzy interface systems (ANFIS) are the two techniques mainly concentrated in this study which were not properly implemented previously. By using the ANFIS technique enhanced cooling effect of 200 W with a 50 % increment was obtained with 0.4 g/L of MWCNT/TiO2 hybrid nano lubricants which is better in comparison with ANN and experimental results. The minimum energy utilization of 90 W was obtained with the ANFIS technique. This method also predicted the enhanced COP of 3.7 with a 32 % increase in comparison to the ANN prediction method. When compared to the ANN prediction model, the ANFIS model's estimated least training error value. The results indicate that when compared to ANN prediction the ANFIS predicted values produced results that were more accurate and were the proper approach for predicting COP parameters and consumed 35 % less energy.Öğe Influences of various metal oxide-based nanosized particles-added algae biodiesel on engine characteristics(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Jegan, C. Dhayananth; Selvakumaran, T.; Karthe, M.; Hemachandu, P.; Gopinathan, R.; Sathish, T.; Agbulut, UmitNano fuel technology is widely used to enhance fuel capability to improve combustion, performance and emission behaviors of the engines. On the other hand, biodiesel is the best alternative to the conventional fossil fuels. However, it may worsen the engine characteristics, and should be modified. In this framework, this investigation aims to improve algae oil biodiesel by employing nano fuel technology by mixing metallic oxide nanoparticles like CeO2, SiO2 and TiO2 with a concentration of 150 mg/lit. The base fuel B25 blends consist of Algae oil-based biodiesel 25 vol% and 75 vol% of diesel. The B25 blends and 150 mg/lit concentration of nanoparticles were preferred through basic experimentation. An ultrasonicator was employed in the preparation of nano fuels such as B25CeO2, B25SiO2, and B25TiO2. The prepared Nano fuels were characterized and tested in a diesel engine at varying engine speeds ranging from 1250 rpm to 2500 rpm with the step of 250 rpm. The results revealed that the use of B25TiO2 recorded the maximum engine cylinder pressure at 72.2 bar was recorded at the 5O crank angle and maximum heat release rate of 63.2 J/OCA. The maximum speed of the engine leads to higher BTE. In comparison to that of conventional diesel fuel, the use of the B25+TiO2 blend increased in-cylinder pressure by 23.4%, heat release rate by 16.6%, BTE by 32.4%, CO2 by 65.09%, and decreased BSFC by 25.62%, CO by 33.4%, NOx by 68.3%, UHC by 22.75%, and smoke opacity by 30.99%. Hence, this investigation found a novel blend of B25TiO2 for lowering emissions and improving diesel engine performance.Öğe Maximizing sustainable hydrogen and ZnO nanoparticles production from Goshala wastes with nanoparticles of ZnSO4 and NaBH4(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Vijayalakshmi, A.; Meena, Radhey Shyam; Domakonda, Vinay Kumar; Rao, A. Venkateswara; Sathish, T.; Agbulut, Umit; Rajasimman, M.The main objective of the present research is to create clean energy from Goshala waste in a sustainable way. Accordingly, the cogeneration of hydrogen fuel and zinc oxide nanoparticles from a sustainable Goshala waste of cow urine was tested. From this point of view, nano sodium tetrahydridoborate (nSTH) and nano zinc sulfate particles (nZS) were combined through a chemical reaction with cow urine to produce hydrogen. Consideration was given to cow urine that was 12 hr old and older by 12-hr steps. nZS concentration ranged from 0.2 g to 0.8 g with a 0.2 g step, while nSTH concentration ranged from 0.1 g to 0.4 g with a 0.1 g step. The range of pH values (3 to 12) was seen in goshala urine samples and their impact on hydrogen generation was also studied in the present paper. The novelty in this investigation not only optimizes (maximizes) the hydrogen production from the goshala waste but also produces and characterizes the ZnO nanoparticles as a byproduct. By using the combustion process, ZnO nanoparticles are produced from the residual solution after producing hydrogen. Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Diffraction studies were used to analyze the ZnO nanoparticles. Ac-cording to the data, fresh cow urine (up to 12 hr old) produces 728 mL more hydrogen than aged (>12 hr old) urine when nanoparticle concentration was 0.8 g nZS and 0.4 g nSTH. The reaction for the production of hydrogen rate peaked at 237 mL/min within 2 min. The maximum removal efficiency was discovered at the same concentration as its residue, which has a low total carbon content of 2041 mg/L, an organic carbon content of 1334 mg/L, a nitrogen content of 1911 mg/L, and a phosphorus content of 170 mg/L. The generation of hydrogen was high in urine with a pH range of 3 to 8. In the final, the present research reported that the waste cow urine can be converted into a hydrogen source with the support of nanoparticles in an effective way.Öğe PCM embedded square channel receiver for effective operation of Net Zero Emission/Energy PDC building heating system(Elsevier, 2023) Sathish, T.; Saravanan, R.; Jeyanthi, C. Esther; Sabariraj, R. V.; Hemachandu, P.; Agbulut, Umit; Saleel, C. AhamedNet Zero Emission / Energy recommends reducing energy consumption to zero (use of renewable sources) and ensuring no pollution and emissions. Parabolic Dish Collector (PDC) is such a device, which utilizes the Solar energy (Zero Cost of Energy) for heating (Zero Emission of Carbon gases) by converting solar energy into heat transfer fluids (HTF). The recent researches PDC receiver's efficiency improvement by different designs or arrangement inside the receiver as well as different types of phase change materials (PCMs) incorporated to it. This investigation aims to improve the PDC by involving the square channel type solar receiver as an alternate receiver and embedding it with the PCM for building heating applications. The thermal performance of 14 m2 square-channeled PDC was investigated with and without PCM embedded conditions. For embedding PCM of Paraffin wax, 3 kg was used in thermal storage in this experiment. The square-channeled receiver recorded the lowest receiver surface temperature and the highest discharge water temperature. Black coating is employed to reduce the heat loss from the receiver substance.The average energy and exergy efficiencies are around 65.8 % and 6.8 %, respectively, at a flow velocity of 0.07 kg/s. As PCM maintains a constant temperature, the solar receiver can hold its internal temperature around triple times higher than the conventional PDC (without PCM case). Hence it was experimentally ensured that PCM-filled PDC (solar receivers) is suitable for heating applications in domestic and industrial buildings.Öğe Pore size variation of nano-porous material fixer on the engine bowl and its combined effects on hybrid nano-fuelled CI engine characteristics(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2023) Sathish, T.; Agbulut, Umit; Muthukumar, K.; Saravanan, R.; Alwetaishi, Mamdooh; Shaik, Saboor; Saleel, C. AhamedEnvironmental research is currently one of the most significant and pertinent fields of studies. Due to CI engi-nes' unique nature, they are widely used in densely populated cities for a variety of purposes. However, due to their improper combustion for various acceptable reasons at the engine cylinder, they considerably pollute the environment. This study prepared hybrid nano fuel from waste cooking oil by adding Al2O3 (aluminum oxide) and MWCNT (multi-wall carbon nanotubes) particles and adding ZnO (zinc oxide) nanoporous material fixture in the combustion chamber as an attachment for enhancing combustion efficiency to meet the aim of mitigating the CI engine emissions significantly. The research was evaluated in a 5.2 kW CI engine, and the ZnO nano-porous material is fixed to the combustor. Four distinct pores per inch (PPI) nanoporous materials of pore counts such as 60, 45, 30, and 15 PPI were considered to test the fuels such as diesel and hybrid nanofuel. The hybrid nano-fuel was created from the WCO biodiesel by mixing nanoparticles of MWCNT and Al2O3 nanoparticles in the ultra-sonicator. The experiments were carried out at different engine loads from no load to full load with a 25% step -up. The performance of the results was compared with conventional diesel fuel with and without ZnO nano-porous material fixtures and ZnO nano-porous material fixtures with different PPI. The result exhibited that the nanoparticles-added biodiesel fuel in 15 PPI has produced less NOx emission, CO emission, and heat release rate by 55.2%, 7%, 26.5%, and 22.67%, respectively, and this combination also exhibited an improvement of 2.62% in the brake thermal efficiency. Finally, the present work proves that better engine characteristics are generally obtained as the pore size of nanoporous materials in the engine bowl gets smaller, and the hybrid nanoparticles usage in the biodiesel fuel ensures more efficient engine combustion, performance, and emission characteristics.Öğe Production of waste soybean oil biodiesel with various catalysts, and the catalyst role on the CI engine behaviors(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Agbulut, Umit; Sathish, T.; Kiong, Tiong Sieh; Sambath, S.; Mahendran, G.; Kandavalli, Sumanth Ratna; Sharma, P.The soybean oil wastes are disposed of after being used multiple times (maximum utilization) in the various food processing industries. Disposal of such waste are harmful to the environment and human. Hence, this investigation aims to use such wastes are used for producing alternate fuels for diesel engines. The biodiesel produced from the soybean waste cooking oil by transesterification process with different hybrid catalysts such as the membrane of Poly-acrylonitrile nanofibrous (MPANF), Alkyl-celite (AC), Iron oxide (IO-II) and Ni-doped ZnO (NDZ). The transesterification process variables like flow velocities varied from 0.3 to 1.5 mL/min and the reaction time varied from 15 to 75 h. The influence of such variables was investigated. The best two yields of waste soybean oil (BDWSBO) with the use of IO-II and AC catalysts respectively at 1.5 mL/min of flow rate at a 75-h reaction time, were considered for preparing further blends with diesel of 25 vol% and 50 vol% (Total 4 fuel varieties other than plain diesel). The test results revealed that a blend of 25 % diesel fuel with 75 % IO-II -used BDWSBO has 30.05 % BTE, which is nearer to diesel fuel (30.81 %). This blend has 17.96 % lesser smoke opacity than diesel fuel. Therefore, this 25 % diesel fuel with 75 % IO-II -used BDWSBO blend is recommended for higher production biodiesel and application in the IC engine as an alternate fuel without any modifications.Öğe Sustainable nano-added biofuel production from borassus flabellifer oil for conventional internal combustion engines(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Sivasankar, G. A.; Moorthy, C. Balakrishna; Kaliappan, Seeniappan; Sathyamurthy, Ravishankar; Sathish, T.; Saravanan, R.; Agbulut, UmitThe source of biodiesel production is significant as the demand for diesel is very high. Sustainable fuel development is the prime aim of meeting the demand. Drought-tolerant trees are widely available and can cultivate more to increase the feedstock capacity. Hence, this experimental research investigates the potential for deriving an alternative fuel from borassus flabellifer. Accordingly, this research employed biodiesel production from borassus flabellifer oil through the transesterification technique with methanol at 65 degrees C of temperature for 3 h with 300 rpm of magnetic stirrer speed. The blends by volume of 20% biodiesel of borassus flabellifer (20BOPP) and 80% of diesel (80D) were used to create the Biodiesel of borassus flabellifer blend (20BOPP+80D). Then it is enhanced by mixing 100 ppm of aluminium oxide nanoparticles (AONP) in that fuel to produce the nano-fuel of 20BOPP+80D + AONP. The base fuel (20BOPP) is enhanced by preparing a new blend of 20% ethanol (20 E) and 60% diesel added with 20BOPP to produce 20BOPP+20E+60D and then the new class of fuel enhanced by AONP to produce 20BOPP+20E+60D + AONP. The nano-fuel was prepared with the help of an ultrasonicator. The prepared blends and conventional diesel fuel were tested at varying engine loads, and the results revealed that the enhanced nonfuel of 20BOPP+20E+60D + AONP produced equivalent brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 31.94% like diesel fuel, reducing the emission nitrogen oxides (NOx) by 29.2% and emission of Carbon Monoxide (CO) emission by 11.4% to pure diesel fuel. The enhanced nano-fuel of 20BOPP+20E+60D + AONP reduced smoke opacity by 35.3% more than pure diesel. Hence the mixing of both alcohol and nanoparticles in the biodiesel blend produces better results at maximum load conditions than their performance mixing individually in the biodiesel blend due to the alcohol's higher volatility and nanoparticles catalytic reaction during combustion in the Direct-Injection Compression Ignition (DICI) engine due to the alcohol's higher volatility and nanoparticles catalytic reaction during combustion stage.Öğe Waste bull bone based reusable and biodegradable heterogeneous catalyst for alternate fuel production from WCO, and investigation of its usability as fuel substitute(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2024) Saravanan, R.; Sathish, T.; Agbulut, Umit; Sathyamurthy, Ravishankar; Sharma, Prabhakar; Linul, Emanoil; Asif, MohammadFast-growing fuel demand by an increase in diesel vehicles and diesel engine applications for various sectors motivates researchers to develop alternate fuels. Though many approaches have been proposed, this investigation is unique by producing alternate fuels from the waste cooking oil (WCO) using a biodegradable, reusable, easy-to-handle, eco-friendly, and heterogeneous catalyst developed to form the waste bull bone and characterized for alternate fuel production from WCO. The zero-waste approach, eco-friendly fuel blends, and low-cost production factors were considered. The preprocessing of WCO was carried out by the bubble washes method, followed by transesterification processing for producing biofuel. The fuel blends were tested with different ratios like 20% to 80% with diesel and short out B20 grade. Further, the blends were prepared with Diethyl ether (DEE) and Ethanol. Total eight fuels (Diesel, B20, B20 + 5 wt% DEE, B20 + 10 wt% DEE, B20 + 5 wt% Ethanol, B20 + 10 wt% Ethanol, B20 + 5 wt% Methanol, and B20 + 10 wt% Methanol) were tested including pure diesel from No load to full load engine condition at two different compression ratios (15:1 & 18:1). The results reveal that B20 + 5 wt% Methanol at 15:1 compression ratio outperformed in terms of brake power of 2.64 kW, indicated power of 6.35 kW, brake thermal efficiency of 33.21%, Indicated thermal efficiency of 67.18%, mechanical efficiency of 59.14%, low brake specific fuel consumption of 0.27 kg/kWh at full load. In conclusion, the heterogeneous catalyst obtained from the waste bull bone can be used in biodiesel production, which ensures the efficient usability of the waste bull bone in the fuel-processing sector.Öğe Waste to energy: An experimental study on hydrogen production from food waste gasification(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Koshariya, Ashok Kumar; Krishnan, M. Sivaram; Jaisankar, S.; Loganathan, Ganesh Babu; Sathish, T.; Agbulut, Umit; Saravanan, R.Though food scarcity realizing in many places in the world, food waste generation still shows its increasing trend because of cultural and habitual changes, as well as technological characteristics. However, food waste comprises a large amount of organic material and biodegradable components, showing that it could be a potential source for producing hydrogen (H2) aiming to satisfy the key goals of diversifying the energy supply and reducing environmental pollution. Indeed, this research addresses the potential possibilities to use food waste for the production of H2 by using a water gasification reactor. In this work, food waste was gasified by varying the operating parameters in the H2 production process and the addition of additives. In this investigation, different additives such as HCl, NaCl, and NaHCO3 were considered to investigate at different reactor temperatures like 300, 350, and 400 degrees C for different reaction durations like 30, 45, and 60 min. The results revealed that the best average yields of CH4, H2, CO2, CO, and total gas were obtained as 1.5, 12.9, 0.2, 0.1, and 13.9 mol/kg, respectively, when the reaction employed with NaHCO3 additive than the other cases (with HCl, NaCl additives and no additive cases). The H2 production efficiency was estimated as 43%, 34%, 27%, and 30% when the use of NaHCO3, NaCl, HCl, and no additives. Hence, it is found that the NaHCO3 catalyst considerably enhances the gasification process through the improvement of the water-gas shift reaction, and thereby H2 (c) 2023 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Waste to fuel: Synergetic effect of hybrid nanoparticle usage for the improvement of CI engine characteristics fuelled with waste fish oils(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) Sathish, T.; Agbulut, Uemit; George, Santhi M.; Ramesh, K.; Saravanan, R.; Roberts, Kenneth L.; Sharma, PrabhakarReducing waste products into energy sources is valuable and essential for the waste-management policies of governments. Globally fish waste and their by-products have been widely dumped in dustbins. The utilization of such wastes for producing high-grade fuel for diesel engines is discussed in this research. This investigation extracted fish oil from fish wastes and produced biodiesel through transesterification method. Then TiO2 and CeO2 nanoparticles were added in mono and hybrid forms to biodiesel of fish oil blends to improve the poor fish biodiesel properties. The prepared test fuels were characterized and compared with conventional diesel fuel. All these fuels were tested in a single-cylinder, water-cooled diesel engine at varying engine loads from 0 to 100% with intervals of 25%. The engine response is handled in terms of the engine performance, combustion, and emission characteristics. The results revealed at full load that the TiO2 mono nano fuels outperformed CeO2 Nano fuel, FWOBD and diesel fuels, but hybrid nano fuel finally outperformed all other fuels considered in this investigation. The hybrid nano-fuel recorded 17% higher brake thermal efficiency, 7.5% higher peak pressure, 36.6% heat release rate, 16% lesser NOx emission, 15% lesser HC emission, and 5% lesser carbon monoxide emission. The metallic nanoparticles were employed as suitable catalysts for combustion at CI engines, improved engine performance, and reduced emissions significantly. In conclusion, it was well-noticed that the addition of hybrid nanoparticles into WFO biodiesel blends has more significant contribution to enhancing engine performance, combustion, and emission behaviors in comparison with the addition of mono-nanoparticle usage.
