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    Comparative evaluation of artificial intelligence models GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 in clinical decision-making in sports surgery and physiotherapy: a cross-sectional study
    (Bmc, 2025) Saglam, Soenmez; Uludag, Veysel; Karaduman, Zekeriya Okan; Arican, Mehmet; Yucel, Muecahid Osman; Dalaslan, Rasit Emin
    Background The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare has rapidly expanded, particularly in clinical decision-making. Large language models (LLMs) such as GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 have shown potential in various medical applications, including diagnostics and treatment planning. However, their efficacy in specialized fields like sports surgery and physiotherapy remains underexplored. This study aims to compare the performance of GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 in clinical decision-making within these domains using a structured assessment approach. Methods This cross-sectional study included 56 professionals specializing in sports surgery and physiotherapy. Participants evaluated 10 standardized clinical scenarios generated by GPT-4 and GPT-3.5 using a 5-point Likert scale. The scenarios encompassed common musculoskeletal conditions, and assessments focused on diagnostic accuracy, treatment appropriateness, surgical technique detailing, and rehabilitation plan suitability. Data were collected anonymously via Google Forms. Statistical analysis included paired t-tests for direct model comparisons, one-way ANOVA to assess performance across multiple criteria, and Cronbach's alpha to evaluate inter-rater reliability. Results GPT-4 significantly outperformed GPT-3.5 across all evaluated criteria. Paired t-test results (t(55) = 10.45, p < 0.001) demonstrated that GPT-4 provided more accurate diagnoses, superior treatment plans, and more detailed surgical recommendations. ANOVA results confirmed the higher suitability of GPT-4 in treatment planning (F(1, 55) = 35.22, p < 0.001) and rehabilitation protocols (F(1, 55) = 32.10, p < 0.001). Cronbach's alpha values indicated higher internal consistency for GPT-4 (alpha = 0.478) compared to GPT-3.5 (alpha = 0.234), reflecting more reliable performance. Conclusions GPT-4 demonstrates superior performance compared to GPT-3.5 in clinical decision-making for sports surgery and physiotherapy. These findings suggest that advanced AI models can aid in diagnostic accuracy, treatment planning, and rehabilitation strategies. However, AI should function as a decision-support tool rather than a substitute for expert clinical judgment. Future studies should explore the integration of AI into real-world clinical workflows, validate findings using larger datasets, and compare additional AI models beyond the GPT series.
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    The role of tranexamic acid and cryotherapy on acute postoperative pain and blood loss: a randomized controlled study following total knee arthroplasty
    (Springernature, 2025) Saglam, Soenmez; Karaduman, Zekeriya Okan; Arican, Mehmet; Yucel, Muecahid Osman; Dalaslan, Rasit Emin; Cangur, Sengul; Uludag, Veysel
    Purpose Blood loss and pain management are significant concerns in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). Tranexamic acid (TA) and cryotherapy have been used separately to address these issues, but their comparative effectiveness is not well studied. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of intravenous TA and cryotherapy in reducing blood loss and improving clinical outcomes after TKA. Methods A randomized controlled trial with 76 patients assigned to three groups: Group 1 received pre- and postoperative cryotherapy, Group 2 received intravenous tranexamic acid (TA), and Group 3 (control) received a standard cold pack. Hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), prothrombin time, international normalized ratio (INR), knee flexion and extension angles, and visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores were monitored preoperatively and postoperatively at 6, 24, and 48 h. Results The mean age of patients was 65 +/- 7 years. The tranexamic acid group showed significantly lower blood loss compared to the control group (p < 0.001). Knee flexion and extension angles were significantly better in the cryotherapy group compared to the control group (p < 0.001). VAS pain scores were significantly lower in the cryotherapy group at all time points compared to both the tranexamic acid and control groups (p < 0.001). Conclusion Both tranexamic acid and cryotherapy are effective in reducing blood loss and improving clinical outcomes following TKA. Tranexamic acid significantly reduces blood loss, while cryotherapy effectively manages postoperative pain and range of motion. These methods can enhance patient recovery after TKA.
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    Short-Term Clinical Evaluation of Tibial Tunnel Angle and Position in Anatomical Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
    (Mdpi, 2025) Yucel, Muecahid Osman; Dalaslan, Rasit Emin; Saglam, Soenmez; Arican, Mehmet; Karaduman, Zekeriya Okan; Akar, Bedrettin
    Background and Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the influence of the angle and position of the tibial tunnel in the coronal and sagittal planes on short-term postoperative clinical outcomes following arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 40 patients who underwent anatomical ACLR between 1 January 2023 and 31 December 2023 and had a follow-up period of at least 4 months. The angle of the tibial tunnel on the AP radiograph and both the angle and anteroposterior position on the lateral radiograph were measured. Clinical evaluations were conducted using the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), the International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) score, and the Lysholm Knee Score, along with measurements of knee flexion and extension, to assess short-term outcomes at 1, 2, and 4 months postoperatively. Results: In patients whose tibial tunnels were positioned at 40-50 degrees in the coronal plane, Lysholm scores were significantly higher at the 2nd and 4th months compared to other angles. In the sagittal plane, a tunnel angle between 30 degrees and 40 degrees was associated with significantly increased IKDC scores at both the 2nd and 4th months. Additionally, tunnels with an anterior-posterior ratio of 0.4-0.6 in the sagittal plane were associated with limitations in flexion and extension at the 4th month. There was no significant difference in VAS scores between the groups. Conclusions: Our findings suggest that optimizing the tibial tunnel angle in both the coronal and sagittal planes may play a crucial role in early postoperative knee function. Specifically, tibial tunnels placed between 40 degrees and 50 degrees in the coronal plane and 30 degrees and 40 degrees in the sagittal plane were associated with higher functional scores. However, tunnels positioned with an anterior-posterior ratio of 0.4 to 0.6 were linked to greater joint motion limitation. These findings indicate that angular and positional optimization of the tibial tunnel may have contributed to improved functional recovery following ACL reconstruction.