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Öğe Analysis of Detailed Chemical and Bioactive Components of Yigilca Honeybee Propolis and Determination of Antioxidant Potential(Pleiades Publishing Inc, 2022) Kekeçoğlu, Meral; Sönmez, Emine; Yalçın, Nazife Eroğlu; Acar, Merve Kambur; Çaprazlı, TuğçeThe bioactive components of propolis differ according to geographical origins, plant resources and bee species. In our research, the chemical components, amino acid and vitamin content, total phenol-flavonoid content and antioxidant activity of Yigilca honey bees propolis collected from 3 different locations in Duzce/Yigilca region were examined. LC-MS/MS method was used to identify the compounds of the propolis samples. Amino acid analysis was also performed with the UFLC system. Vitamin combinations and total phenol-flavonoid contents of propolis were determined using HPLC. Antioxidant activity was measured by FRAP and DPPH methods. LC-MS/MS analysis of propolis samples showed that the amount of Caffeic acid was found to be the highest in all samples with different values. Leucine was detected at the highest rate, while the amino acid determined in the minimum amount was tryptophan. Vitamins B1 and B2 were detected in all samples with different rate except Redifler propolis. The most abundant Vitamin B1 was Redifler sample with the rate of 0.106 mg/100 g and Vitamin B2 was Hosafoglu sample with the rate of 0.130 mg/100 g. Strong antioxidant activity obtained from all samples. As a result, it was concluded that the bioactive components, amino acid and vitamin contents and antioxidant activity of propolis samples different from each other depending on collecting region.Öğe Chemical profiling and antimicrobial effect of Anatolian honey bee venom(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2022) Sönmez, Emine; Kekeçoğlu, Meral; Bozdeveci, Arif; Karaoğlu, Şengül AlpayDue to increasing antibiotic resistance, there is an urgent need to find new antibiotic alternatives or supporters for the treatment of disease-causing pathogens. For this reason the aim of the study was examine the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of Anatolian (Anadolu) honey bee venom (HBV) against Gram-positive and Gramnegative bacteria and yeast-like fungi. At first step chemical analyses of HBV was performed by HPLC method. According to the results of HPLC analysis, we obtained a good separation of apamine, phospholipase A2 and melittin with the ratio of 1.83%, 20.60% and 57.62% respectively. The antimicrobial and antifungal activity of the Anatolian HBV was tested against 9 Gram (+), 7 Gram (-), 1 acid-alcohol-resistant and 3 yeast fungi. First, the activity of the Anatolian HBV sample against these microorganisms was determined by the agar well diffusion method, then their zones were measured. The microdilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the antimicrobial activity tests. The results of MIC values were varied from 3.06 mu g/mL to 50 mu g/mL for the tested microorganisms. It was found that Mycobacterium smegmatis and Streptococcus pyogenes were the most susceptible bacteria (3.06 mu g/mL), followed by Vibrio sp., Aeromonas sobria, Enterococcus faecalis, Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and B. subtilis with a MIC concentration of 6.125 mu g/mL. These findings strongly suggest that Anatolian HBV will be developed as a new antibacterial-antifungal drug against Gram-positive, Gram negative and antibiotic-resistant bacteria and yeast like fungi. However, further research is required to evaluate their in vivo efficacy and safe and effective delivery methods for their therapeutic use.Öğe Determination of In Vitro Antimicrobial Activities of Different Propolis Samples from Duzce-Yigilca Region against Oral Microorganisms(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ Rektorlugu, 2022) Kekeçoğlu, Meral; Sönmez, Emine; Dorkaç, Pelin; Eroğlu, NazifeThe aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of propolis samples collected from 3 different locations in Duzce Province Yigilca District, especially against bacteria and yeasts that cause oral infections. The activity of propolis samples including chemical content, phenolic and flavonoid composition was determined by LCMS-MS method and herbal origin was determined with palynological analysis. They were tested against 2 Gram (-), anaerobic, 2 Gram (+) anerobic, 2 Gram (+) facultative anaerobic bacteria and 3 yeast. The efficiency of propolis samples against these microorganisms was determined by the disk diffusion method and the formed zones were measured. When compared with ethanol control, propolis samples were found effective against all microorganisms. Propolis samples which determined the inhibition zone were subjected to the MIC test. Propolis samples have MIC values between 2 mu g/ml and 128 mu g/ml. While Enterococcus faecalis was found as the most sensitive strain among bacteria; Candida krusei was identified as the most resistant strain. While the propolis sample from Hosafoglu Village is determined as the most effective group against all tested microorganisms, the propolis sample from Redifler Village was less effective. As a result, propolis samples from Duzce / Yigilca region sustained high antibacterial and antifungal activity against selected microorganisms releted to the oral flora. Considering that oral infections will lead to greater systemic problems if left untreated, natural propolis extracts is recommended in the treatment of such infections.Öğe An evaluation of the chemical composition and biological properties of Anatolian Royal Jelly, drone brood and queen bee larvae(Springer, 2023) Sönmez, Emine; Kekeçoğlu, Meral; Sahin, Hüseyin; Bozdeveci, Arif; Karaoğlu, Şengül AlpayTherapeutic properties of products such as propolis, pollen and bee venom have been investigated before, but studies about the biological properties of drone brood (DBL) and queen bee larvae (QBL) are very limited. In addition, there are many factors that affect the biological activity power of royal jelly (RJ). This study was carried out to evaluate the antibacterial and antioxidant activity, total phenolic (TPC) and protein content and 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid (10-HDA) amount of Anatolian RJ, DBL and QBL. As a result of Folin-Ciocalteu method, there were significant differences between the samples, and the highest value was obtained from the QBL. Bradford Coomassie Brilliant Blue method results showed that QBL had most abundant total protein content while RJ had the lowest amount. According to the HPLC analysis RJ showed the highest 10-HDA amounts, while DBL had the lowest. When the antioxidant activity values were evaluated together, it was understood that the antioxidant capacity of DBL and QBL is significantly higher than RJ. When the data were evaluated statistically, both differences and negative and positive correlations were obtained between the parameters. As a result of MIC experiment Mycobacterium smegmatis was the most susceptible bacterium. DBL and QBL samples did not show any antimicrobial activity against selected microorganisms. This is the first study that focuses on the biological properties of QBL. As a result, Anadolu RJ is promising candidates for the treatment of some infectious diseases, and DBL and QBL are promising candidates for the development of products that can be used as food supplements.Öğe Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Entomopathogens for the Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)(Tarbiat Modares Univ, 2022) Eski, Ardahan; Bayramoğlu, Zeynep; Sönmez, Emine; Biryol, Seda; Demir, İsmailColorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) damages potato, tomato, and eggplant, and is one of the most serious agricultural pests all over the world. Due to its resistance against chemical insecticides and some biopesticides, new biocontrol agents compatible with different ecological conditions are needed urgently for the integrated pest management programs of this pest. For this purpose, we studied the insecticidal effects of thirteen indigenous microbial isolates including entomopathogenic bacteria, fungi, and nematodes from our culture collection against L. decemlineata with screening and dose-response tests under laboratory conditions. Bacillus thuringiensis strain Xd3 caused 83% and 73% mortality against larvae and adults of the pest at 10(9) CFU mL(-1) concentration within 10 days, respectively. While fungal isolate Metarhizium anisopliae Gg-12 yielded 98% mortality with 107 conidia mL(-1) concentration on larvae at 15 days, mortality provided by Gg-12 on adults reached 100% at the same concentration and period. Steinernema websteri AS1 was determined as the most effective entomopathogenic nematode with 92% mortality within seven days on larvae. Based on probit analysis, the LC50 values of B. thuringiensis Xd3 against larvae and adults were calculated as, respectively, 1.73x10(6) and 1.69x10(7) CFU mL(-1), and that of M. anisopliae Gg12 were 1.18x10(4) and 6.2x10(3) conidia mL(-1), and that of S. websteri AS1 was 117 IJs mL(-1). Considering these results, the biopesticides developed from these isolates can be used safely and successfully in the pest management control programs of Colorado potato beetle.Öğe Myriodontium keratinophilum (Ascomycota: Myriodontium) as a Potential Entomopathogenic Fungus for a Wide Range of Pests(Pleiades Publishing Inc, 2022) Sönmez, EmineMyriodontium keratinophilum Samson & Polon. (Ascomycota: Myriodontium) is a fungus reported on penis of a bull, soil, hair of cats and shrewmouse but has not yet been documented as being entomopathogenic against other common pests. Chemical pesticides are still used today with many pest management that spreads rapidly in large areas in the forest and agriculture. During April to June of nymphs of G. gryllotalpha were collected with digging the tobacco seedlings at a town east of Trabzon, Turkey. As a result of first morphological and then molecular studies, it was determined that the isolated fungal strain from cadaver was M. keratinophilum. Bioassay studies of the obtained fungal isolate were carried out against eight different pests including Agriotes lineatus L. (Coleoptera: Elateridae), Corythucha arcuata Say. (Hemipterera: Tingidae), Corythucha ciliata Say. (Hemipterera: Tingidae), Leptinotarsa decemlineata Say. (Coleoptera: Crysomelidae), Agelastica alni L. (Coleoptera: Crysomelidae), Lobesia botrana Denis. (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyll., (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Hyphantria cunea Drury. (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Bioassay results for 1 x 10(7) conidia mL(-1) concentration of M. keratinophilum strain against selected pests were determined between 100 and 53% rate within 15 days post inoculation under laboratory conditions. These results revealed that M. keratinophilum was classified as an entomopathogenic fungus, as well as its potential to be used as a biological control agent with its high mortality rates against various pests.Öğe Pollen Analysis, Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Anatolian Chestnut Propolis Collected From Yigilca Region(Pleiades Publishing Inc, 2021) Kekeçoğlu, Meral; Sönmez, Emine; Acar, Merve Kambur; Karaoğlu, Şengül AlpayThe purpose of this study is to examine the antimicrobial and antifungal activity of propolis samples of Yigilca honey bee against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and yeast-like fungi. For this purpose the pollen and chemical components analyses of propolis sample was performed. The Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was used to identify the compounds of the propolis samples. According to the results of pollen analysis Fagaceae family were the dominant. As a result of LC-MS/MS method the main components of propolis was pinostrobin, gallic acid, and with Syringic acid. The antimicrobial activity of the propolis samples were tested against 7 Gram (+), 4 Gram (-) and 1 acid-resistant bacteria, and 3 yeast-like fungi. First, the activity of the propolis sample against these microorganisms was determined by the agar well diffusion method, then their zones were measured. The macrodilution method was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) for the antimicrobial activity tests. The results of MIC values were found between 74 and 4746 mu L for the tested microorganisms. It was found that Mycobacterium smegmatis was the most susceptible bacteria (74 mu L), Lactobacillus acidophilus (149 mu L) Staphylococcus aureus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae with a MIC concentration of 299 mu L. We are opinion that, considering the biological effects of the propolis extract of Yigilca honey bee, may be potentially used as an alternative therapeutic treatment thanks to its high antimicrobial and antifungal activity on different microorganisms, but its high in vitro activity needs to be confirmed by further research in vivo.Öğe Pollen Analysis, Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Anatolian Chestnut Propolis Collected from Yigilca Region (vol 48, pg 721, 2021) [correction](Pleiades Publishing Inc, 2021) Kekeçoğlu, Meral; Sönmez, Emine; Acar, Merve Kambur; Karaoğlu, Şengül AlpayAn Erratum to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1134/S1062359022330019Öğe Stability of Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) isolates during repeated in vitro subculture and evaluation of an oil-in-water mycoinsecticide(Cambridge Univ Press, 2022) Sönmez, Emine; Uzunoğlu, Hülya; Eski, Ardahan; Demirbag, Zihni; Demir, İsmailNine Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) isolates were evaluated for efficacy against Melolontha melolontha (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) larvae, stability in culture, and the superior isolate used to produce an oil-in-water mycoinsecticide. The phenotypic and genotypic characters of four isolates with high virulence were evaluated for their stability after repeating 12 cycles of in vitro subculture. Repeated subculture did not affect the germination of conidia; however, the morphology of some isolates changed significantly. Three isolates lost their virulence, whereas the KTU-2 isolate remained highly pathogenic. Therefore, KTU-2 was selected as the superior isolate for mycoinsecticide production. After the conidia of KTU-2 were produced by solid-state fermentation using cracked rice as the substrate, the conidia were formulated as an oil-in-water emulsion and its efficacy was assessed. The formulation caused 80% mortality on Me. melolontha larvae even at the lowest application rate (1 x 10(5) conidia/mL) in pot experiments, and complete mortality was obtained with the concentration of 1 x 10(7) conidia/mL. Lethal concentrations that kill 50% and 95% of Me. melolontha larvae present were estimated as 9.29 x 10(3) and 2.1 x 10(6) conidia/mL, respectively. Oil-in-water mycoinsecticide could be a potential candidate for the commercial control of Me. melolontha and other white grubs.Öğe Trabzon Kestane Poleni: Fizikokimyasal, Biyoaktif ve Mikrobiyolojik Özellikleri(Mevlüt AKÇURA, 2023) Sönmez, EmineArı poleni, bal arıları tarafından toplanan çiçek polenlerinin, nektar ve arı salgılarıyla karıştırılması sonucu oluşan önemli bir arı ürünüdür. Zengin içeriği nedeniyle günümüzde fonksiyonel gıda olarak kabul edilmektedir. Bu çalışmada Trabzon İli’nin üç farklı bölgesinden (Of, Maçka, Esiroğlu) toplanan kestane polen örneklerinin fizikokimyasal (nem, kül, pH), biyoaktif (toplam fenolik, flavonoid, antioksidan) ve mikrobiyolojik (toplam mezofilik aerobik bakteri, toplam maya/küf sayısı) yönden incelemeleri yapılmıştır. Yapılan analizler sonucunda örneklerdeki nem miktarı %7.95-8.93 arasında, kül miktarı %2.95-3.23 arasında, pH aralığı ise 5.30-5.33 olarak tespit edilmiştir. En yüksek protein içeriği %19.60 oranında Esiroğlu örneğinden elde edilmiştir. Toplam fenolik-flavonoid madde miktarı sırasıyla 18.55 mg GAE/g, 11.23 mg QE/g değerleri ile yine en yüksek oranda Esiroğlu örneğinde teşhis edilmiştir. Örneklerin antioksidan kapasiteleri 74.86-83.43 µM Trolox E/g aralığında tanımlanmıştır. Toplam mezofilik aerobik bakteri ve maya/küf sayısı açısından mikrobiyal yükleri incelenen örneklerin kalite kriterlerine uygun olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Genel değerlendirmelere bakıldığında, sağlık üzerindeki potansiyel etkileri ile bilinen arı poleninin, yüksek antioksidan özellikleri ile çeşitli gıda ürünlerinin üretiminde fonksiyonel bir gıda katkı maddesi olarak kullanılabileceği sonucuna varılabilir.
