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    Editorial: Combined abiotic interactions in woody plants
    (Frontiers Media Sa, 2024) Torun, Hulya; Cocozza, Claudia; Petrik, Peter; Stojnic, Srdjan
    [No abstract available]
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    Salicylic acid alleviates the effects of cadmium and drought stress by regulating water status, ions, and antioxidant defense in Pterocarya fraxinifolia
    (Frontiers Media Sa, 2024) Torun, Hulya; Cetin, Bilal; Stojnic, Srdjan; Petrik, Peter
    Introduction: Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poiret) Spach (Caucasian wingnut, Juglandaceae) is a relict tree species, and little is known about its tolerance to abiotic stress factors, including drought stress and heavy metal toxicity. In addition, salicylic acid (SA) has been shown to have a pivotal role in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Methods: The current study is focused on evaluating the impact of foliar application of SA in mediating Caucasian wingnut physiological and biochemical responses, including growth, relative water content (RWC), osmotic potential (Psi s), quantum yield (Fv/Fm), electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, and antioxidant enzymes, to cadmium (Cd; 100 mu M) and drought stress, as well as their interaction. Moreover, the antioxidant activity (e.g., ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities) of the stressed trees was investigated. The study was conducted on 6-month-old seedlings under controlled environmental conditions in a greenhouse for 3 weeks. Results and discussion: Leaf length, RWC, Psi s, and Fv/Fm were decreased under all treatments, although the effect of drought stress was the most pronounced. An efficient antioxidant defense mechanism was detected in Caucasian wingnut. Moreover, SA-treated Caucasian wingnut plants had lower lipid peroxidation, as one of the indicators of oxidative stress, when compared to non-SA-treated groups, suggesting the tolerance of this plant to Cd stress, drought stress, and their combination. Cadmium and drought stress also changed the ion concentrations in Caucasian wingnut, causing excessive accumulation of Cd in leaves. These results highlight the beneficial function of SA in reducing the negative effects of Cd and drought stress on Caucasian wingnut plants.
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    Somatic drought stress memory affects leaf morpho-physiological traits of plants via epigenetic mechanisms and phytohormonal signalling
    (Elsevier, 2025) Alongi, Franklin; Petek-Petrik, Anja; Mukarram, Mohammad; Torun, Hulya; Schuldt, Bernhard; Petrik, Peter
    Drought stress memory in plants is an adaptive mechanism that enhances resilience to future water stress through physiological and molecular modifications triggered by previous drought events. This review explores somatic drought stress memory within a plant's lifespan, with a specific focus on leaf and stomatal morphology, minimum leaf conductance, photosynthetic efficiency, water-use efficiency, antioxidant capacity, and leaf senescence. We examine how epigenetic mechanisms-such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and non-coding RNAs-regulate gene expression in coordination with hormonal signalling pathways. Phytohormones, including abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, salicylic acid, auxins and cytokinins, are central to these processes, influencing key morphological and physiological adaptations, such as stomatal regulation, cuticle thickness, water retention, and improved water-use efficiency. The review synthesizes current knowledge on the molecular and hormonal networks underlying these adaptations and their impact on leaf architecture and metabolism. Despite advancements, critical gaps remain in identifying the specific genes and pathways involved, understanding the longevity of epigenetic marks, and elucidating the intricate cross-talk between phytohormones during drought stress memory. This review emphasizes the need for integrated-omics approaches to map epigenetic modifications and uncover their roles in developing drought-resistant plants through targeted stress priming strategies.