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    Effect of different work-to-rest ratios on physiological and perceptual responses to kickboxing specific high intensity intermittent exercise in elite male kickboxers
    (Univ Leon, Fac Ciencias Actividad Fisica & Deporte, 2025) Ceylan, Bayram; Ozturk, Furkan; Taskin, Hasan Basri; Ouergui, Ibrahim; Baydil, Bilgehan
    This study examined how different rest periods during high-intensity, intermittent kickboxing exercise affect physiological and perceptual responses in nine elite kickboxers. After being informed about the nature of the study, the athletes performed three exercise sessions consisting of kicks and punches with 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 work-to-rest ratios in a randomised order, with 48 hours between each session. Their heart rate (HR) was measured at rest, immediately after, and six minutes after each exercise protocol. The athletes performed a countermovement jump (CMJ) test before and after exercise. Rating of perceived exertion (RPE) and muscle soreness (PMS) were measured immediately after exercise. The number of kicks and punches performed by the athletes was recorded. Different rest ratios did not affect heart rate (F2, 14 = 1.08, p = 0.36). There was no difference in the number of kicks or punches performed by the athletes among different rest intervals (F2, 16 = 1.59, p = 0.24; F2, 16 = 1.70, p = 0.21). Exercises with different rest periods did not induce changes in CMJ (F2,16 = 0.69, p = 0.52). While the PMS responses of the athletes did not differ among the different rest intervals (F2,16 = 1.27, p = 0.31), the RPE values did differ among the exercises with the different rest intervals (F2, 16 = 3.70, p = 0.04). The athletes presented higher RPE values with the 1:1 interval than with the 1:2 and 1:3 intervals (p < 0.05). Kickboxing-specific HIIE with different rest intervals did not induce any physiological or performance differences, but led to a higher RPE following a short rest interval than a long one. These findings highlight that perceived difficulty (i.e. RPE) increases as the rest period shortens. Thus, there is a need to optimise HIIE protocols for targeted results and subjective recovery needs in this sport.
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    Golden score period in high-level judo competitions: the effect of the scores and penalties at the real contest time
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Ceylan, Bayram; Ozturk, Furkan; Taskin, Hasan Basri; Balci, Sukru Serdar
    This study investigated the effect of scores and penalties in real contest time on the contest results in the golden score period. Of 6872 official contests at 10 different high-level competitions, 1414 contests with a golden score (21%) were included. Analyses for sex, weight category and rounds were performed with total match duration. Scores and penalties were recorded separately for real contest time and golden score period. Mutual waza-ari at real time (first 4 min) caused the high rate of matches ending with a score (p < 0.05). The rate of receiving a shido was higher among defeated athletes during the real contest time (p < 0.05). The rate of winning a contest with score during the golden score period was lower than winning a contest with hansoku-make in heavyweight categories. The contests more likely ended with scores and less likely ended with hansoku-make for men than women (p < 0.05). The results showed that the way the contest ended was different between sexes and among weight categories during the golden score period. Receiving a shido during the real contest time can lead to defeat in the golden score, thus athletes should be careful of presenting active judo and refraining from any action leading to penalties.
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    Intermittent ne-waza exercise leads to greater effort in uke compared to tori in prepubescent judo athletes
    (Univ Leon, Fac Ciencias Actividad Fisica & Deporte, 2025) Ceylan, Bayram; Ozturk, Furkan; Taskin, Hasan Basri; Sarikaya, Ugur; Balci, Sukru Serdar
    This study investigated physiological and perceptual responses between uke (the athlete receiving a technique) and tori (the athlete executing a technique) during intermittent osaekomi-waza exercises in prepubescent judo athletes. Fifteen child judo athletes (age: 10.8 +/- 1.1 years) participated voluntarily. In this cross-over design with randomization (except for the first visit), athletes completed three sessions: anthropometric measurements and familiarization, followed by intermittent osaekomi-waza exercises as both uke and tori. The exercise protocol consisted of four sets of 20-second intermittent osaekomi-waza using kesa-gatame, interspersed with 10-second rest intervals (1:1/2 work-to-rest ratio), performed on separate days. Heart rate (HR) was measured at rest, immediately after exercise, and one minute after exercise. The rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was assessed using a 0-10 scale immediately after each exercise bout. While a two-way repeated measures ANOVA indicated a statistically significant main effect of role on HR, with higher values in the uke role compared to the tori role across all measurement times, Bayesian analysis did not provide substantial evidence supporting this role effect. Athletes also reported significantly higher RPE scores in the uke role than in the tori role, indicating greater perceptual demands in prepubescent judo athletes, despite similar heart rate patterns between roles.