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Öğe Damage severity of wood-destroying insects according to the Bevan damage classification system in log depots of Northwest Turkey(Nature Research, 2020) Yalcin, Mesut; Akcay, Caglar; Tascioglu, Cihat; Yuksel, Besir; Ozbayram, Ali KemalThe aim of the study was to determine damage severity of wood-destroying insects on logs stored in forest depots. The Bevan damage classification (BDC) system, developed in 1987, was utilized to determine damage severity in log depots in 21 locations throughout seven provinces in Turkey. Pheromone traps were placed in those locations at the beginning of April in 2015 and 2016. Furthermore some stored wood within the log depots were checked and split into small pieces to collect insects that damage wood. The BDC system was used for the first time to measure the severity of insect damage in log depots. Twenty-eight families, 104 genera and 123 species were identified in this study. Based on the BDC system, the highest damage was found from the Cerambycidae and Buprestidae families. Arhopalus rusticus was determined as the insect responsible for the highest amount of damage with 8.8% severity rating in the pheromone-trapped insects group. When the stored wood material was considered, Hylotrupes bajulus was found to be the cause of the highest damage. The lowest damage values were among the predator insects (Cleridae, Trogossitidae, Cantharidae) and those feeding on fungi colonized on the wood (Mordellidae, Cerylonidae, Nitidulidae). Some other predator insects of the Tenebrionidae family (Uloma cypraea, Uloma culinaris, Menephilus cylindricus) and Elateridae family (Lacon punctatus, Ampedus sp.) exhibited relatively higher damage severity values since they had built tunnels and made holes in the stored wood material. When the environmental factors were considered, the Buprestidae family exhibited a very strong positive relationship (p<0.005) with insect frequency distribution (r=0.922), number of species (r=0.879) and insect density (r=0.942). Both families showed the highest number and frequency during July and August, highlighting the importance of insect control and management during these months.Öğe Effects of cultural practices on soil respiration in hazelnut orchards and a comparison with an adjacent natural oak forest(Springer, 2024) Ozbayram, Ali KemalSoil respiration (R-S) is one of the largest terrestrial sources of CO2 causing global warming and may vary according to land use and vegetation type. T & uuml;rkiye is in the first place in the world in terms of area of hazelnut orchards that are generally converted from natural forests. The aim of this study was the comparison of the effects of cultural practices (pruning, fertilizing, and pruning+fertilizing) on R-S in hazelnut orchards and that of the adjacent natural oak forest. Every trial site had a statistically similar annual mean R-S, which ranged from 0.15 to 1.55 g C m(-2) day(-1). The R-S on the sites was different only in the spring season and was similar in the other seasons. The R-S of the pruned and fertilized hazelnut orchard (H-pf) in the spring was 58% greater than the unmaintained hazelnut orchard (H-c) and oak forest and 28% greater than the only fertilized hazelnut orchard (H-f). The R-S of H-pf was also greater than other sites in most monthly measurements. While the positive correlation between soil moisture and R-S was on an annual basis (r = 0.44), it was higher in summer (r = 0.61) and autumn (r = 0.55) seasons. The negative correlation between soil temperature and R-S in the summer and autumn seasons evolved positively in winter. The results of the study suggest that the maintenance practices applied in the hazelnut garden could increase R-S in the spring when soil moisture and temperature are optimal but have no effect in other seasons or on an annual basis.Öğe Influence of Thinning on the Stem Shape of Narrow-Leaved Ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) Trees(Aves, 2023) Ozbayram, Ali Kemal; Cicek, EmrahNarrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia Vahl.) with its capacity for fast growth is a valuable wood crop. In 2005, a trial of thinning was established out in a narrow-leaved ash plantation in Sakarya, Turkey, and three different intensities were applied: strong (28% of basal area removed), moderate (19% of basal area removed), and unthinned. The 7-year effect of thinning intensity on the stem shape of narrow-leaved ash trees was evaluated in the present study. A total of 25 sample trees representing the quadratic mean diameter of the stand (TQMD) and the 100 largest trees per hectare (T100) were taken for cross-sectional analysis. Results showed that the 7 years breast-height diameter (d1.30) increments of sampled trees were increased with increasing thinning intensity, and thinning intensity had no effect on height increments of the trees. The 7-year d1.30 increment of the T100 was greater than that of the TQMD trees. Over 7 years, the numerical definition of stem shape was not affected by the thinning intensity. However, the stem shape was improved with increasing stem diameter/ age, especially in the T100. In conclusion, the NLA T100 trees, as a result of thinning, did not develop conically but rather became more cylindrical with an increase in diameter and age; therefore, it can be recommended that in future, heavy thinning treatments can be applied in narrow-leaved ash plantations.Öğe INITIAL PLANTING DENSITY EXPERIMENTS OF NARROW-LEAVED ASH IN TURKEY: TEN-YEAR RESULTS(Croatian Forestry Soc, 2020) Ozbayram, Ali Kemal; Cicek, EmrahNarrow-leaved ash (Fraxinus angustifolia subsp. oxycarpa Vahl.) is a source of valuable wood in Europe and plantations produce high yields in Turkey. Initial planting density plays an important role in plantation silviculture and affects the growth and quality of trees as well as establishment costs. This study aimed to determine the ten-year effects of initial planting density on tree growth and quality of narrow-leaved ash. In 2004, three replications of four initial planting densities (1111, 1667, 2500 and 3333 stem ha(-1)) were established in a randomized block design in Adapazan, Turkey. After ten growing seasons, no mortality was seen in all of four planting densities. The initial planting density had no effect on mean stem diameter; however, with the initial planting density increase from 1111 to 3333 stem ha(-1), mean tree height was significantly increased and live crown ratio decreased. The H/D ratios at planting densities of 2500 and 3333 stem ha(-1) were 21% higher than at lower planting densities. Aboveground dry biomass increased with increasing initial planting density at the stand level, although individual tree sizes were similar. In general, tree form and branch characteristics were improved when initial planting density was increased. Results suggest that on lowland sites where intensive weed competition occurs, higher initial planting density at 2500-3333 stems ha(-1) is recommended for narrow-leaved ash plantations.Öğe Some physiological and biochemical changes In oak trees after fire(Univ Federal Lavras-Ufla, 2023) Kabaoglu, Ali; Kulac, Semsettin; Baysal, Ismail; Ozbayram, Ali Kemal; Akbulut, Suleyman; Ozturk, NurayBackground: Forest fires are considered integral parts of many forest ecosystems despite being a disaster influencing the forest ecosystem dynamics significantly. A fire that occurred within the borders of Duzce-Konuralp State Forest Enterprise affected 16 ha of oak forest. The present study aimed to investigate the physiological and biochemical changes in two oak species (Quercus pubescens and Q. cerris) at post-fire period. For this purpose, seasonal shoot and leaf samples were collected from 15 trees (5 trees from high and low fire intensity and control groups) for each oak species. The samples were subjected to xylem, water potential, and stomatal conductivity analysis in the field and carbohydrate concentration and proline analyses in the laboratory. Results: It was found that leaf surface area decreased, and the root-leaf water connection was broken depending on the intensity of the fire. As the fire severity increased, water potential and stomatal conductivity of trees increased; proline and carbohydrate concentration amounts decreased. Q. pubescens had lower water potential and stomatal conductivity than Q. cerris but higher proline and carbohydrate concentration amounts. Conclusion: Q. pubescens was more resistant to drought stress during the post-fire season than Q. cerris from the aspect of physiological and biochemical characteristics.
