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    Effect of disinfection processes and anthropogenic pollutants on comparative formation of trihalomethanes and N-nitrosodimethylamine
    (Springer, 2019) Orak, Nur Hanife; Özşentürk, Tuğba; Topuz, Emel; Aydın, Egemen; Gürel, Melike; Genceli, Naciye Esra; Mantaş, Elif Pehlivanoğlu
    Chloramination and chlorination contribute to the formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine and trihalomethanes, respectively, both of which are defined as disinfection by-products. To be able to select the most appropriate water treatment scheme, it is important to comparatively evaluate the formation of both of these disinfection by-products during the application of different disinfection methods. In this study, chlorination, chloramination and stepwise chloramination methods have been applied to surface water samples that have been spiked with known N-nitrosodimethylamine precursors. Experimental results showed that ranitidine can be an effective N-nitrosodimethylamine precursor in distilled water, when chloraminated with high concentrations (140mg/L) for a long time (10days), resulting in approximately 450ng/L of N-nitrosodimethylamine. However, neither dimethylamine nor ranitidine leads to significant trihalomethanes or N-nitrosodimethylamine formation in lake water when chloramination is conducted with low concentration (2mg/L) for 2h. These results suggest that N-nitrosodimethylamine concentration measured in the effluent of the drinking water treatment plant may underestimate the N-nitrosodimethylamine concentration that will reach the consumers since chloramination reactions will continue in the distribution system. On the other hand, when only N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential is used, it will overestimate the N-nitrosodimethylamine that might form in the distribution system due to high disinfectant concentration, high contact time and adjusted pH values used in the N-nitrosodimethylamine formation potential test.
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    Integrating Sustainable Development Into Urban Management: A Strategic Green City Index for Cities
    (Wiley, 2025) Gursoy Haksevenler, Betul Hande; Akpinar, Aydin; Sengul, Zeynep; Senik, Berfin; Orak, Nur Hanife; Sorhun, Engin
    A growing interest exists in robust tools to evaluate urban environmental performance. This study introduces a Green City Index framework, designed to assess and compare the sustainability of urban districts. Istanbul, with its significant population density and economic influence, serves as the pilot city in T & uuml;rkiye. The study included (i) examining existing city indices, (ii) identifying indicators for environmental quality (EQ), community welfare, and DS, (iii) collecting and producing relevant data, and (iv) establishing the Green City Index using the Analytic Hierarchy Process. The highest-scoring district in Istanbul achieved only 59 out of 100, indicating that no district's environmental performance is sufficiently strong. Even in well-managed districts, EQ was lacking. A significant relationship between the total index and other subcategories was observed. Recognizing index development as dynamic, this Green City Index provides decision-makers with a tool for strategic urban management, helping them assess and improve sustainability efforts in line with long-term goals.