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    Investigation of causative agents in community-acquired atypical pneumonia cases
    (Parlar Scientific Publications, 2019) Caliskan, E.; Oksuz, S.; Ozturk, C. E.; Sahin, I.; Kilincel, O.; Akar, N.; Alasan, F.
    To investigate the causative agents involved in atypical community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) patients with lower respiratory tract infections. This prospective study (October 2014-August 2016) included 92 adult patients with pre-existing CAP. Serum samples were analyzed for IgG and IgM antibodies using the indirect immunofluorescence antibody (IFA) method. Causative agents associated with typical pneumonia were evaluated in simultaneously obtained sputum cultures. The IgM antibodies and/or the cultures of typical agents exhibited positivity for atypical CAP causative agents in 26 (28%) of the patients. Positive IgM antibodies were found for influenza B virus in five patients, parainfluenza serotype 2 virus in four, echovirus in four, parainfluenza serotype 1 virus in two, parainfluenza serotype 3 virus in two, influenza A (H1N1) virus in two, C. pneumoniae in two and H. influenzae in one. Thirteen (50%) of these patients had typical bacterial growth, while more than one agent was detected in five (20%). The rate of atypical causative agents other than L. pneumophila was quite high. Viruses were the main agents in the atypical CAP patients. The high incidence of typical pneumonia agents found in these patients indicates the necessity of determining the etiologic agents prior to initiation of treatment. © by PSP
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    Investigation of the relationship between fluconazole susceptibility, proteinase activity and ERG11-SAP2 Expression in Candida albicans strains isolated from clinical samples
    (Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, 2024) Ege, Nagihan; Oksuz, S.; Akbaş, Emel; Çalişkan, Emel; Sungur, Mehmet Ali
    Background and Purpose: Candida albicans is currently recognised as an opportunistic pathogen that can cause many invasive infections. Resistance mechanisms and fungal virulence factors play an important role in the effectiveness of treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between fluconazole resistance, proteinase activity and ERG11 (sterol 14-demethylase)- SAP2 (secreted aspartic protease 2) gene expression levels in C.albicans strains. Materials and Methods: Candida albicans strains isolated from patient samples sent to Medical Microbiology laboratory of Düzce University from various clinics were included in the study. Fluconazole susceptibilities of the isolates were determined by broth microdilution method. The increase in fluconazole MIC values at 48 hours and proteinase activities of the isolates were analysed. ERG11 and SAP2 gene expression levels were measured by real time qPCR. Results: Fluconazole resistance rate was found to be 3.14% in 127 C. albicans strains. A moderate positive correlation was found between ERG11 and SAP2 values (p=0.029, r:0.655, p<0.001). There was no correlation between SAP2/ERG11 expression levels and fluconazole resistance. Proteinase positivity was detected in 81.1%, of 127 strains and no statistically significant correlation was found between proteinase activities and SAP2/ERG11 expression levels. While there was a statistically significant relationship between ERG11 expression levels and 48th hour MIC elevation, there was no statistically significant relationship between SAP2 levels and 48th hour MIC elevation. Conclusion: In addition to the moderate positive correlation between ERG11 and SAP2 values, a significant correlation was found between ERG11 expression and fluconazole tolerance. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.