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    Antibacterial, Phytochemical and Toxicological Activities of Garcinia kola Extracts against Multidrug Resistant Clinical Bacteria
    (Düzce Üniversitesi, 2024) Oyetunji, Kolawole; Nwadike, Blessing
    Objective: The rise in multiple antibiotic resistant microorganisms has led to a decline in the efficacy of many antibiotics, prompting the investigation of alternative solutions such as medicinal plants. To tackle this concerning issue, this study was undertaken to evaluate the phytochemical composition, antibacterial activity, and toxicological characteristics of Garcinia kola extracts against multidrug-resistant bacteria commonly found in clinical settings.Material-Method: The cold maceration technique was employed to extract the root and leaf of Garcinia kola using water and methanol. The extracts were then subjected to phytochemical screening. To evaluate the extracts' potential to inhibit bacterial growth, five multidrug-resistant isolates were utilized in this study. Agar well assay was used to determine the zones of inhibition. The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) were determined using the broth macro dilution technique. Additionally, Brine shrimp lethality assay was conducted to determine the lethal concentration (LC50) of the extracts. The extracts were also combined for synergism.Results: The investigation found that the root extract in methanol had the highest yield at 25.58%. All four extracts contained ten out of the fourteen tested phytochemicals. The methanol leaf and root extracts exhibited the highest and lowest inhibition zones of 20mm and 9mm against Staphylococcus aureus, respectively. The MIC values ranged from 250 to 600 mg/ml, indicating broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. The cytotoxicity test showed a range of 33.03 to 126.3µg/mL for the aqueous and methanol extracts.Conclusion: Although Garcinia kola shows potential as a source of antibacterial compounds, caution should be exercised due to its toxic effects.
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    In Vitro Inhibitory Potential of Lawsonia inermis Extracts against Multidrug Resistant Clinically-Relevant Bacteria: a Phytochemical, Quantitative Antimicrobial and Toxicological Assessment
    (Düzce Üniversitesi, 2022) Olaitan, Morufat; Nwadike, Blessing
    Objective: Majority of the current antibiotics have become less effective due to widespread of multidrug-resistant microorganisms. Medicinal plants are promising candidates that could be used to manage this menace. Therefore, phytochemical, toxicological and antimicrobial potentiality of Lawsonia inermis extracts against MDR clinical bacteria were carried out. Material-Method: Henna leaf and seed were extracted by cold maceration technique using methanol and water and screened phytochemically. Eight MDR isolates, four of which are ES?L-producers were used for this study. In vitro antimicrobial efficacy and quantitative antimicrobial potency of extracts were estimated. MIC and MBC were determined using broth macrodilution technique. Cytotoxicity test was conducted using brine shrimp lethality assay and LC50 was determined. Results: The findings of this study revealed that aqueous leaf extract possesses maximum percentage yield of 25.58%. Tannins and phenolic compounds were detected in all extracts, while steroid was absent. Methanol seed extract showed the highest antimicrobial efficacy against all bacteria with 100 percent activity. The highest and lowest zones of inhibition were recorded at 30.0±0.00 and 10.0±0.00 mm, respectively. The zones of inhibition of extracts differed significantly. All extracts displayed highest activity index against the ES?L-producing Enterobacter aerogenes 196 that was isolated from wound with highest value at 4.28. Pseudomonas aeruginosa U109 showed maximum susceptibility index (93.75%); majority of MIC values recorded were within the range of 1.95-62.5 mg/mL. Cytotoxicity test of methanol and aqueous extracts displayed 10001000, respectively. Conclusion: Findings from this study elucidate the efficacy of Lawsonia inermis as a potential remedy to manage MDR-related infectious bacteria.