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    Early Motor Repertoire and Developmental Functioning at Later Age of Children Who Were Diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Pilot Study
    (Taylor & Francis, 2025) Kınacı-Biber, Esra; Yardımcı-Lokmanoğlu, B.N.; Mutlu, A.
    Aims: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) may exhibit early motordelay, and long-term motor impairments in addition to social andcommunicative problems. This pilot study aimed to describe (i) theearly motor repertoire using General Movements Assessment (GMA)of infants later diagnosed with ASD, (ii) the developmental outcomesin these children between 24- and 42-months, and (iii) the relation-ship between GMA and developmental outcomes.Methods: Ten children diagnosed with ASD were included. Allinfants were assessed using Motor Optimality Score for 3- to 5-month-old Infants–Revised score sheet for GMA, and the BayleyScales of Infant and Toddler Development, Third Edition (Bayley-III)for developmental functioning aged between 24- and 42-months.Results: The median Motor Optimality Score-Revised (MOS-R) was 10(range: 6–28), considered reduced optimal, and 80% of children hadless than optimal MOS-R. 60% of the children had aberrant fidgetymovements and abnormal postural patterns, and 80% had abnormalbut not cramped-synchronized movement character. The mean com-posite scores of all subdomains in Bayley-III were below 69(extremely low) in all children.Conclusions: This study highlighted the importance of early motorrepertoire and longitudinal developmental assessments in childrenwith ASD. Further research is needed to explore the potential of thisassessment as a screening tool.
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    Muscle Thickness in Lower Extremity and LocomotorFunctions in Children With Down Syndrome and TypicalDeveloping Peers
    (Wiley, 2026) Kınacı-Biber, Esra; Soylu, A. R.; Topuz, S.; Mutlu, A.
    Objectives Children with Down syndrome (DS) have deficits in motor skills that lead to stereotypical changes in the characteristics and adaptations of their movement. The aim of the study was to investigate locomotor characteristics and muscle thickness of the selected muscles in the lower extremity and the relationship between muscle thickness and locomotor parameters in children with DS and typically developing peers. Methods Children with DS (n?=?18; age: 5.36?±?0.60) and typically developing (TD) (n?=?30; age: 5.62?±?0.60) aged 4–7?years participated. Lower limb muscle thickness was assessed through B-mode ultrasound. The GAITRite system evaluated gait and running spatiotemporal parameters, using linear regression to determine the strength of the relationship between muscle thickness and these parameters. Results Compared to the TD group, the DS group had significantly less lower limb muscle thickness and differed significantly in gait and running parameters (p?