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Öğe Arly field performance of drought-stressed Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings(Pakistan Botanical Society, 2015) Kulaç, Şemsettin; Turna, İbrahim; Çiçek, Emrah; Sağlam, Aykut; Taşdemir, ÜmitScots pine (Pinus sylvestris) has a large natural distribution throughout the world, including semi-arid areas of Turkey, where it is being used for afforestation. Determining the drought resistance of Scots pine provenances can increase the success of afforestation efforts in semi-arid regions. In the first stage of this study, water-stress treatments were applied to ten provenances of one-year-old Scots pine seedlings in their second vegetation period (between April and November). The diameter and height of the seedlings were evaluated in the nursery in order to determine their morphology. The four drought-stress treatments consisted of once-weekly irrigation (IR1), twice-weekly irrigation (IR2-Control), biweekly irrigation (IR3) and open field conditions (IR4). Later, the water-stressed seedlings were planted in a semi-arid district in Bayburt, Turkey, and their survival and growth performances were evaluated over a five-year period. The nursery study showed that drought stress and provenance as well as the interaction of the two significantly affected the morphological characteristics of the seedlings. Under water-stress conditions, the best growth performance was found in the Dokurcun, Degirmendere and Dirgine provenance seedlings. Water-stress and provenance factors and their interaction also affected the open field performance of the seedlings, where the Degirmendere, Dirgine and Dokurcun provenances again exhibited the best performance. Consequently, these Scots pine provenances can be recommended for afforestation sites having conditions similar to those of the study site. © 2015, Pakistan Botanical Society. All rights reserved.Öğe Assessment of genetic diversity in natural European hophornbeam (Ostrya carpinifolia Scop.) populations in Turkey(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2016) Kulaç, Şemsettin; Filiz, Ertuğrul; Çiçek, Emrah; Değermenci, Zerrin; Vatansever, RecepGenetic diversity is a crucial component for plant survivability and fitness in terms of adaptation, genetic stability and variability. In this study, a total of 160 genotypes were investigated using 12 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers to understand the genetic structure and diversity of nine naturally distributed Ostrya carpinifolia populations in Turkey. Twelve RAPD primers yielded 111 clearly identifiable DNA bands, of which 71 bands were found to be polymorphic (64%). Observed number of alleles (Na), effective number of alleles (Ne) and Nei's gene diversity (h) were found as 2, 1.53 and 0.32, respectively. Total genetic variation (H-T), within-population genetic variation (H-S) and Nei's genetic differentiation coefficient (G(ST)) were found as 0.32, 0.09 and 0.70, respectively. Genetic diversity analysis (AMOVA) revealed highly significant (P < 0.001) genetic variations among and within populations. 69.94% of total variation was observed among populations while 26.69% was within populations. Gene flow value was calculated as 0.21 (Nm < 0.5), which could homogenize the genetic structure of a population. Two geographically isolated populations demonstrated high gene diversity and polymorphic loci ratio, indicating a relationship between geographic distribution of populations and eco-geographic factors. The findings of this study will pave the way for understanding the genetic diversity between inter- and intra-populations of O. carpinifolia species, as well as they would provide valuable information for management, conservation and utilization of in situ and ex situ Ostrya germplasms.Öğe Assessment of genetic variations of silver lime (Tilia tomentosa Moench.) by RAPD markers in urban and forest ecosystems(Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2015) Filiz, Ertuğrul; Birbilener, Seda; Özyiğit, İbrahim İlker; Kulaç, Şemsettin; Oruç, Fatma Çiğdem SakinoğluIn the present study, the genetic diversity analysis of Tilia tomentosa plants was performed by using random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primers. Twenty eight plant samples, collected from urban (25 members) and forest (3 members) ecosystems, were used in this study. A total of 53 bands were obtained from eight RAPD primers, of which 48 (90.6%) were polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic loci (P) was found to be 94.29%, the observed number of alleles (Na) was 1.94, the effective number of alleles (Ne) was 1.60, Nei's gene diversity (h) was 0.34 and Shannon's information index (I) was 0.50. Unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) cluster analysis revealed two major groups. Members of the urban and forest ecosystems showed high genetic similarity (28%-92%) and they did not separate from each other in UPGMA tree. Furthermore, urban and forest genotypes clustered together in principal component analysis.Öğe Bir Doğu Kayını Meşceresinde Farklı Sosyal Sınıftaki Ağaçlarda Günlük Ekofizyolojik Tepkiler(2018) Özbayram, Ali Kemal; Kulaç, ŞemsettinDoğu kayını (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) ülkemizin önemli yapraklı ağaçtürlerinden biridir. Ağaçlar arasındaki sosyal statü farkı rekabetbaskısını, ışığa erişimi ve su gibi yerel çevre kaynaklarınınkullanılabilirliği etkileyebilmektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, saf veaynı yaşlı doğu kayını meşceresinde galip, ara ve mağlup durumdakiağaçların ksilem su potansiyeli, toprak suyu miktarı ve stomailetkenliğinin gün içi değişimini belirlemektir. Dokuz adet seçilenörnek ağaçların güneye bakan tepe kısımlarında su potansiyeli ile günortası stoma iletkenliği gün öncesi (04:30) ve günün 5 farklızamanında (saat 09:40, 12:30, 14:30, 17:00, 19:00) ölçülmüştür. Ayrıcasu potansiyelinin ölçüldüğü zaman dilimlerinde toprak suyu ölçümleride gerçekleştirilmiştir. Su potansiyeli galip tabakadaki ağaçlarda -0.23 ile -1.46 MPa arasında, ara tabakadaki ağaçlarda -0.19 ile -1.30MPa arasında, mağlup tabakada ise -0.11 ile -1.10 MPa arasındadeğişmektedir. Tüm sınıflarda şafak öncesi su potansiyeli en yüksekdeğerde iken, gün ortasında (saat 12.30) en düşük seviyesine inmekte,sonraki ölçüm zamanlarında ise tekrar yükselmektedir. Tüm sosyalsınıftaki ağaçların şafak öncesi su potansiyeli değeri benzer iken, saat9:40 ile 17:00 arasındaki ölçümlerde galip ağaçların su potansiyelideğeri diğer sınıflardan daha düşük ölçülmüştür. Toprak suyumiktarı gün boyunca azalmış, anlamlı en yüksek azalma üst toprakkatmanında olmuştur. Gün ortası stoma iletkenliği 16.53 mmol m-2 s-1 ile en yüksek mağlup tabakada, en düşük 5.20 mmol m-2 s-1 ile galiptabakada ölçülmüştür. Sonuç olarak, değişik sosyal sınıftaki kayınağaçları aynı toprak suyu koşullarında bulunmalarına rağmen güniçerisinde farklı ekofizyolojik tepkiler verebilmektedir.Öğe Determination of Grafting Adaptation of Some Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) Genotypes with Marigoule (C. Sativa × C. Crenata) Cultivar(2021) Kulaç, Şemsettin; Nayır, Hatice NihanIn this study, to reproduce natural chestnut genotypes, the fruit characteristics of the Düzce regiondetermined by local people are good in a healthy way, compatible with Marigoule (C. sativa × C.crenata) hybrid varieties resistant to branch cancer and root rot was investigated. In this study, 24different chestnut genotypes were used. As the grafting method, the most commonly used tonguegrafting, split grafting, chip budding grafting, and side grafting method were used. All proceduresrelated to grafting were carried out in the greenhouses of the Düzce University Faculty of Forestry.In this study, local genotypes that are compatible with Marigoule chestnut were determined. As aresult, the native genotype, which showed the best adaptation to Marigoule seedlings, was 87.5%of Yalnızçam, and after that, 79.2% of the Ereğli Sefer genotype. The lowest fit showed Brokengenotype with 15% and Akçakoca1genotype with 17.5%. Besides, the compatibility of foreignvarieties Maraval, Marigoule, and Betizac were also investigated. As a result, Betizac had thehighest compatibility with 95%, while Maraval had 67.5%. The most successful in the graftingmethods applied was the side graft (74.2%) followed by tongue grafting (59.9%), splitting grafting(51.4%), and chip budding grafting (29.7%).Öğe Determining the 180-year Change of Cd, Fe, and Al Concentrations in the Air by Using Annual Rings of Corylus colurna L(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2022) Key, Kübra; Kulaç, Şemsettin; Koç, İsmail; Şevik, HakanHeavy metals (HMs), among the components of air pollution that is one of the utmost critical concerns our world has faced, are one of the biggest threats to living organisms. The plants, as a biomonitor, offer the most effective solution in tracking the change of HM concentration on earth and taking them under control. This paper aimed to evaluate the differences in cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al) concentrations by using the annual rings of a 180-year-old Corylus colurna L. tree, which was cut in late 2020. Moreover, HMs in outer and inner bark were also compared to the values found in wood, and the direction-based change in the concentrations of these HMs was examined. As a result, the concentrations statistically differed between wood and barks for all three elements only in the north side p < 0.001), and bark samples had higher Cd, Fe, and Al element concentrations than wood. When examining the annual rings, the highest values were commonly observed in the western and northern sides, and there were notable differences between the directions in the same term. The difference is thought to be the effects of highway and steel and iron facility located at the nearest point. In conclusion, the results showed that the use of the species and monitoring method employed in this study were very appropriate for tracking the variation in Cd, Fe, and Al concentrations, and these HMs have almost no transfer between organs and cells of the Corylus colurna.Öğe Diurnal Ecophysiological Responses of Different Social Class Trees in an Oriental Beech Stand(Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Univ, 2018) Özbayram, Ali Kemal; Kulaç, ŞemsettinThe oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) is one of the important tree species among the broad-leaved species in Turkey. Tree social status can effect on competition and access to light, and on availability of local environmental resources, including water. The current study was conducted in 32 years old pure oriental beech stand. In May 2016, xylem water potential, soil water content and stomal conductivity were measured at six different time of day at the southern-facing crowns of dominant, intermediate and suppressed trees. The xylem water potential ranged between -0.18 and -1.28 MPa. The water potential was the highest in predawn, the lowest in the midday, and then it rises again. While all social classes were similar to predawn water potential, the water potential difference between the dominant and suppressed trees increased towards midday and decreased in the following hours. The dominant trees had the lowest water potential, while the suppressed trees had the highest. Soil water content decreased all soil layers throughout the day, especially in the top layer. The midday stomatal conductance was highest in the suppressed trees (16.53 mmol m(-2) s(-1)) and the lowest in dominant. trees (5.20 mmol m(-2) s(-1)). It can be concluded that oriental beech trees in different social status could have different eco physiological responses despite being in similar soil water conditions.Öğe Düzce ve Yakın Çevresindeki Bazı Endemik Bitki Türlerinin Mevsimsel Deği?im Potansiyelinin Belirlenmesi(2019) Eroğlu, Engin; Ak, M. Kıvanç; Kulaç, Şemsettin; Çetin, Bilal; Kaya, Sertaç; Aydın, Harun; Meral, AlperenTürkiye bitki çeşitliliği açısından oldukça zengin bir doğal bitki örtüsüne sahiptir. Yüksek çeşitlilikteki doğalbitki örtüsü içerisinde yer alan birçok ağaç, çalı ve otsu karaktere sahip bitki türleri bulunmaktadır. Doğal bitkitürleri bulundukları coğrafyada kullanıldıklarında yöre koşullarına en iyi adapte olabilen türler olmaktadırlar.Peyzaj mimarlığı uygulamalarında bakım maliyetlerinin azaltılması, sağlıklı bir bitki dokusu sağlanması, yerelçevreye uyum, çevre kalitesinin iyileştirilmesi gibi nedenlerle doğal türlerin kullanılması büyük önemtaşımaktadır. Türkiye’de özellikle doğal kaynak yönetimleri açısından yaşam birliktelikleri son derece önemkazanmaya başlamıştır. Özellikle Batı Karadeniz bölgesi gerek içermiş olduğu tür zenginliği ve gerekse deyaşam birliktelikleri çeşitliliği ile dikkat çekmektedir. Bu çalışmada Düzce Kent Merkezi çevresinde envanteriçıkarılmış olan endemik bitki türleri mevsimsel olarak gözlemlenmiş ve bu bitkilerin estetik ve fonksiyonelyönden kentsel alanlarda yapılacak olan peyzaj tasarımlarında değerlendirilme olanakları saptanmıştır.Öğe EARLY FIELD PERFORMANCE OF DROUGHT-STRESSED SCOTS PINE (PINUS SYLVESTRIS L.) SEEDLINGS(Pakistan Botanical Soc, 2015) Kulaç, Şemsettin; Turna, İbrahim; Çiçek, Emrah; Sağlam, Aykut; Taşdemir, ÜmitScots pine (Pinus sylvestris) has a large natural distribution throughout the world, including semi-arid areas of Turkey, where it is being used for afforestation. Determining the drought resistance of Scots pine provenances can increase the success of afforestation efforts in semi-arid regions. In the first stage of this study, water-stress treatments were applied to ten provenances of one-year-old Scots pine seedlings in their second vegetation period (between April and November). The diameter and height of the seedlings were evaluated in the nursery in order to determine. their morphology. The four drought-stress treatments consisted of once-weekly irrigation (IR1), twice-weekly irigation (IR2-Control), biweekly irrigation (IR3) and open field conditions (IR4). Later, the water-stressed seedlings were planted in a semi-arid district in Bayburt, Turkey, and their survival and growth performances were evaluated over a five-year period. The nursery study showed that drought stress and provenance as well as the interaction of the two significantly affected the morphological characteristics of the seedlings. Under water-stress conditions, the best growth performance was found in the Dokurcun, Degirmendere and Dirgine provenance seedlings. Water-stress and provenance factors and their interaction also affected the open field performance of the seedlings, where the Degirmendere, Dirgine and Dokurcun provenances again exhibited the best performance. Consequently, these Scots pine provenances can be recommended for afforestation sites having conditions similar to those of the study site.Öğe Early growth performances of various seed sources of black (Prunus serotina Erhr.) and wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) seedlings on low and high elevation sites in the western Black Sea Region of Turkey(Academic Journals, 2011) Esen, Derya; Yıldız, Oktay; Kulaç, Şemsettin; Çiçek, Emrah; Çetintaş, Cengiz; Çetin, Bilal; Kutsal, ÇiğdemThe growth performances of one-year old seedlings of various black cherry (BC) and wild cherry (WC) seed sources (SSs) that were planted on low elevation sites (LES) and high elevation sites (HES) in the western Black Sea Region (BSR) of Turkey were assessed one and five years after planting (YAP). Significance between and within-species variations were found for seedling growth. On species basis, WC was superior to BC for seedling groundline diameter and height growth for the low elevation sites (LES) of one and five years after planting (YAP), whereas no substantial survival and growth differences were found between the species for the high elevation sites (HES) of five YAP. Generally, seedlings averaged a greater survival on the LES, when compared with those on the HES. Local WC SSs (Tefen, Yayla and Dirgine) demonstrated an enhanced seedling survival and growth on LES than the other SSs. Unlike the LES results, a collection of BC (Michigan 1 and Ukraine) and WC SSs (Dirgine, Germany, and Tefen) displayed the best seedling growth over five years. The HES seedlings frequently experienced diebacks and forking due to heavy snow fall and wildlife browsing. Selection of the local WC SSs was vital for the LES. However, BC SSs may present a potential for planting on the HES with harsher environmental conditions.Öğe Effect of Bursaphelenchus spp. inoculation on carbohydrate concentrations of different pine species in forest stands of Duzce Forest Directorate(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey-Tubitak, 2022) Öztürk, Nuray; Akbulut, Süleyman; Baysal, İsmail; Kulaç, ŞemsettinThe pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is one of the most important pathogens of conifer forests worldwide that causes the pine wilt disease. This problem has increased the scientific interest in Bursaphelenchus species both in the world and in Turkey. Previously, six Bursaphelenchus species were isolated from wilted pine trees in Turkey. The main goal of this study was to investigate the effects of nematode inoculation on the total carbohydrate concentrations of tree species. Native six Bursaphelenchus species were inoculated on three pine species (Pinus pinaster, P. nigra, and P. sylvestris) under natural stand conditions. Two different doses of nematodes (2000 and 20,000) were used for inoculation. For each treatment, three trees of each species were inoculated. The total carbohydrate concentrations were differed significantly among tree species, nematode species and between nematode doses. The total carbohydrate concentration values were higher in P. pinaster than both P. nigra and P. sylvestris. These results may suggest that pine species responded to nematode inoculation by changing the amount of TCC.Öğe Effect of Drought and UV-B Stress on Leaf Morphology of Ash-Leaved Maple and Sycamore Maple(2023) Akarsu, Hatice; Kulaç, ŞemsettinGlobal climate change continues to leave irreversible effects worldwide. With the increase in the effects of climate change, especially in recent years, the amount of UV-B radiation reaching the earth's surface is also likely to increase. With increasing temperatures, the amount of precipitation in the world has decreased, and the drought has started to alarm. This study is tried to understand how plants can respond to these stresses using ash-leaf maple (Acer negundo L.) and sycamore maple (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) species. The effects of these stress factors on plant leaf morphology were investigated by applying certain intensities of drought (moderate [T2] and severe drought [T3]) and UV-B (8 kJ m-2 h -1 [T4] and 12 kJ m-2 h -1 [T5]) stresses on these two species with T1 (control) treatment. As a result, leaf width in A. pseudoplatanus species was at the lowest levels in individuals exposed to T3 and T9. In A. negundo species, leaflet length in T1, T2, T3, T4 T5, T6 (modarete+T4), T7 (modarete+T5), T8 (severe drought+T4), and T9 (severe drought+T5) treatment were 8.800, 8.704, 8.075, 8.792, 8.823, 8.516, 8.317, 7.993, and 8.605 cm, respectively. According to these values, it was observed that the leaflet length was the shortest in T8 (7.993 cm) treatment. On the other hand, the leaflet length in T9 was close to the T1 group. As a result, individuals exposed to T4 were more affected than T5 in applications applied to UV-B stress and T3. Therefore, the increase of UV-B radiation positively affects the plant's resistance to drought stress.Öğe Effect of Grafting Method and Time on Grafting Success in Anatolian Chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.)(2022) Uyanik, Esragursoy; Kulaç, Şemsettin; Beyazyuz, FadimeChestnut is an economically important tree because of wood and nut production, which is usually found in warm-temperate species, especially Mediterranean region. The fruit of chestnut is a good antioxidant source besides being rich in vitamin C. Anatolian chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.) is a natural chestnut species in Türkiye. This study aimed to determine the most appropriate grafting time and grafting method for two chestnut cultivars (Marigoule and Erfelek) collected from the Western Black Sea region. Two different varieties (Marigoule and Erfelek) and three different grafting methods (chip budding, tongue, and cleft) were applied in different environments (in the hoop house and open field) for six months (December, January, February, March, April, and July). Analysis of variance was used for the grafting trials which was established and applied in the factorial trial design. Results showed that grafting success in the hoop house was twice as high in the open field, and the tongue was the most successful grafting method in all months except July. However, chip budding was observed as the most successful method in July. The highest grafting success was achieved in February, followed by July. According to the obtained results, Marigoule (C. crenata x C. sativa) cultivars were more successful than Erfelek cultivars. Marigoule cultivar’s success rate was 86% for the tongue method in February at hoop house. In July, 83% grafting success was achieved.Öğe The effect of pre-treatments and seed collection time on the germination characteristics of common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) seeds in the Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey(Ista-Int Seed Testing Assoc, 2015) Güney, Deniz; Atar, Fahrettin; Atar, Ebru; Turna, İbrahim; Kulaç, ŞemsettinThe germination characteristics of common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), which shows a natural distribution in Turkey, were analysed. Seeds were obtained from 12 populations at different altitudes in the river basins of Trabzon-Macka, Trabzon-Caykara, Rize-Camlihemsin in and Giresun-Espiye. In common hornbeam seeds, there is a germination barrier caused by the seed coat and embryo. In order to eliminate the germination barrier and increase germination, 22 different pre-treatments, including control different concentrations of GA(3), citric and sulphuric acids, and different stratification periods were performed before seed germination was tested. Analysis of the effect of different seed collection times and pre-treatments on the germination percentage revealed differences according to population and altitude. The pre-treatments also showed differences on the basis of populations. The highest germination took place following GA(3) pre-treatments (30%) and in seeds collected in mid-September (54%).Öğe Effects of exogenous nitric oxide on cadmium toxicity in black poplar (Populus nigra): physiological approaches(Univ Zagreb, Fac Science, Div Biology, 2019) Çıkılı, Yakup; Kulaç, Şemsettin; Samet, Halil; Filiz, ErtuğrulCadmium (Cd) is a highly toxic metallic contaminant that negatively affects plant metabolism and causes reductions in productivity. Nitric oxide (NO) is a signaling molecule that regulates various physiological processes and is involved in response to biotic/abiotic stresses. This work investigated the effects of exogenous sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, application on Cd toxicity in black poplar (Populus nigra). Black poplars were exposed to individual/combined CdCl2 and SNP treatments for 21 days by complete randomized design with three replications. Cd concentrations increased in leaves, bark, and roots at Cd treatments, whereas Cd + SNP applications had alleviative effects on Cd exposures, except for leaves. Photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b, a + b and carotenoids) reduced with Cd treatments in leaves, while they increased in Cd + SNP applications. Similarly, plant biomass was reduced with Cd treatments, but Cd + SNP application prevented these reductions. SNP also alleviated malondialdehyde (MDA) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation in leaves under Cd treatments. Catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX, EC 1.11.1.11) activities were also affected by Cd and Cd + SNP applications. Cd exposure also decreased Zn2+, Fe2+ and Mn2+ levels in leaves, bark and roots, while it increased Cu2+ level in leaves and roots. This study concludes that Cd toxicity caused a reduction of plant growth and mineral nutrition parameters. However, SNP indicates great potentials for improving the growth under Cd toxicity in P. nigra.Öğe Effects of geoclimatic features on morphogenetic variability in Fagus orientalis(Osterreichischer Agrarverlag, 2022) Güney, Deniz; Turna, İbrahim; Kulaç, ŞemsettinBeech forests have a very important place not only in timber production, but also in environmental and soil protection, with a wide variety of provided benefits. This study has two main objectives: 1. to examine morphogenetic variations of seeds and seedlings of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in relation to geoclimatic factors in the natural distribution of oriental beech in Turkey and 2. to provide basic informa- tion about gene conservation and management of oriental beech forests by morpho- genetically examining the variations among and within 11 populations in the natural distribution of oriental beech in Turkey. There were statistical differences among and within the populations depending on seed and seedling characteristics measured in the study. A Penrose's analysis suggest that, the highest distance value was evident between Sinop-Abali and Trabzon-Caykara populations (Pn(1,7): 3.490) and the lowest distance value between Trabzon-Macka and Giresun- Kulakkaya populations (Pn(6,8): 0.477). We conducted correlation analysis between bioclimatic factors and seed and seedling morphological characteristics and found positive correlations between mean of the minimum temperature of the coldest month and seedling length as well as the number of side branches of the one and two-year -old seedlings, while we found negative correlations between altitude and these characteristics. The seed sizes had statistically significant correlations with each other and with seedling length, root col- lar diameter and the number of side branches of the one and two-year -old seedlings. Since preservation of gene resources in-situ is important in terms of continuity of va- riation and conservation of biological diversity, preservation of existing populations and continuity of genetic variation should be ensured. In future forest establishment studies of oriental beech, we advise attention with regards to altitude zones and geo- graphic distances. Using seedlings produced using seeds of a confirmed origin in such studies will likely increase both success and reduce losses in genetic diversity.Öğe Genetic variation in Tertiary relics: The case of eastern-Mediterranean Abies (Pinaceae)(Wiley, 2017) Hrivnak, Matus; Paule, Ladislav; Krajmerova, Diana; Kulaç, Şemsettin; Şevik, Hakan; Turna, İbrahim; Gomory, DusanThe eastern-Mediterranean Abies taxa, which include both widely distributed species and taxa with minuscule ranges, represent a good model to study the impacts of range size and fragmentation on the levels of genetic diversity and differentiation. To assess the patterns of genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships among eastern-Mediterranean Abies taxa, genetic variation was assessed by eight nuclear microsatellite loci in 52 populations of Abies taxa with a focus on those distributed in Turkey and the Caucasus. Both at the population and the taxon level, the subspecies or regional populations of Abies nordmanniana s.l. exhibited generally higher allelic richness, private allelic richness, and expected heterozygosity compared with Abies cilicica s.l. Results of both the Structure analysis and distance-based approaches showed a strong differentiation of the two A.cilicica subspecies from the rest as well as from each other, whereas the subspecies of A.nordmanniana were distinct but less differentiated. ABC simulations were run for a set of scenarios of phylogeny and past demographic changes. For A. xolcayana, the simulation gave a poor support for the hypothesis of being a taxon resulting from a past hybridization, the same is true for Abies equi-trojani: both they represent evolutionary branches of Abies bornmuelleriana.Öğe Growth and physiological response of fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] seedlings to water stress: Seasonal and diurnal variations in photosynthetic pigments and carbohydrate concentration(2012) Kulaç, Şemsettin; Nzokou, Pascal; Güney, Deniz; Cregg, Bert Michael; Turna, İbrahimFour-year-old seedlings of Abies fraseri [(Pursh) Poir] (fraser fir) were grown in semicontrolled conditions in hoop houses with five watering regimes (0.00, 0.62, 1.25, 2.50, and 3.70 cm/week) with the goal of determining the seasonal variation in the physiological response to drought stress. Drought stress was monitored by measuring predawn (?pd) and midday (?md) potentials in a subset of plants from each treatment. Physiological variables monitored were chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), Chl a, Chl b, total carotenes, and total carbohydrate concentrations. Morphological characteristics including height growth, root collar diameter, and terminal shoot growth were also measured. Predawn stem water potential values were generally higher (-0.8 to -1.9 Mpa) than midday values (-1.3 to -2.9 Mpa). Irrigation consistently increased ?pd and ?md compared with nonirrigated treatments. Photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, Chl b, and carotenes) decreased midseason (14 July) and increased toward the end of the season (25 Aug.) in predawn and midday measurements. There was a significant effect (P < 0.05) of drought stress on photosynthetic pigment concentrations in predawn and midday samples in the late-season measurements (25 Aug.). These results were accompanied with a similar significant difference in Fv/Fm between non-irrigated and irrigated trees. We concluded that significant effects observed on photosynthetic pigment concentrations in some of the treatments did not affect carbohydrate concentrations. Exposure of A. fraseri to water stress did not cause a reduction in supply of metabolic carbohydrates; consequently, the decline and mortality in water-stressed plants can only be the result of hydraulic failure caused by xylem cavitation leading to cessation of water flow in tissues, desiccation, and cellular death. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary conclusions.Öğe Growth and Physiological Response of Fraser Fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poke] Seedlings to Water Stress: Seasonal and Diurnal Variations in Photosynthetic Pigments and Carbohydrate Concentration(Amer Soc Horticultural Science, 2012) Kulaç, Şemsettin; Nzokou, Pascal; Güney, Deniz; Cregg, Bert Michael; Turna, İbrahimFour-year-old seedlings of Abies fraseri [(Pursh) Poir] (fraser fir) were grown in semicontrolled conditions in hoop houses with five watering regimes (0.00, 0.62, 1.25, 2.50, and 3.70 cm/week) with the goal of determining the seasonal variation in the physiological response to drought stress. Drought stress was monitored by measuring predawn (Psi pd) and midday (Psi md) potentials in a subset of plants from each treatment. Physiological variables monitored were chlorophyll fluorescence (F-v/F-m), ChI a, ChI b, total carotenes, and total carbohydrate concentrations. Morphological characteristics including height growth, root collar diameter, and terminal shoot growth were also measured. Predawn stem water potential values were generally higher (-0.8 to 1.9 Mpa) than midday values (-1.3 to 2.9 Mpa). Irrigation consistently increased Psi pd and Psi md compared with non-irrigated treatments. Photosynthetic pigments (ChI a, ChI b, and carotenes) decreased midseason (14 July) and increased toward the end of the season (25 Aug.) in predawn and midday measurements. There was a significant effect (P < 0.05) of drought stress on photosynthetic pigment concentrations in predawn and midday samples in the late-season measurements (25 Aug.). These results were accompanied with a similar significant difference in F-v/F-m between non-irrigated and irrigated trees. We concluded that significant effects observed on photosynthetic pigment concentrations in some of the treatments did not affect carbohydrate concentrations. Exposure of A. fraseri to water stress did not cause a reduction in supply of metabolic carbohydrates; consequently, the decline and mortality in water-stressed plants can only be the result of hydraulic failure caused by xylem cavitation leading to cessation of water flow in tissues, desiccation, and cellular death. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary conclusions.Öğe Growth response and nitrogen use physiology of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri), red pine (Pinus resinosa), and hybrid poplar under amino acid nutrition(Springer, 2013) Wilson, Alexa R.; Nzokou, Pascal; Güney, Deniz; Kulaç, ŞemsettinPlants can assimilate amino acids from soils. This has been demonstrated in controlled environments and soils of various forest ecosystems. However, the role of root-absorbed amino acids in plant nitrogen nutrition is still poorly understood. We investigated the agroecological performance and nutrient use physiology of two conifers (Abies fraseri and Pinus resinosa) and one hardwood species (hybrid poplar) under amino acid fertilization. Arginine fertilizer (arGrow(A (R)) Complete) was applied at varying rates (0, 56, 112, 224, and 336 kg N/ha) and compared to an inorganic control treatment (ammonium sulfate 112 kg N/ha). Parameters monitored included tree growth response, foliar nitrogen concentration, and inorganic nitrogen leaching below the rootzone. Results obtained indicate a significant growth and foliar nitrogen response to amino acid treatments, with increasing amino acid application leading to greater growth and foliar nitrogen. However, rates two to three times higher than that of the inorganic control were necessary to provide similar growth and foliar nitrogen responses. These observations were suggested to be due to competition with soil microbes for organic nitrogen, growth inhibition due to the presence of large concentrations of amino acids, or adsorption to cation exchange sites. Amino acid applications did not increase the leaching of inorganic nitrogen due either to the binding of positively charged arginine cations to exchange sites or rapid mineralization followed by plant assimilation. Mineral nitrogen collected in leachate samples increased with the application rate suggesting at least some mineralization in high amino acid application rates. We conclude that growth response and nitrogen use physiology of these species when treated with arginine are largely controlled by soil processes including microbial competition and adsorption. Further studies are being conducted to confirm these hypotheses.