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    Biomonitoring of bisphenol A, 4-nonylphenol, and 4-t-octylphenol in Turkish population: exposure and risk assessment
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2022) Şüküroğlu, Ayça Aktaş; Battal, Dilek; Kocadal, Kumsal; Sungur, Mehmet Ali; Çok, İsmet; Ünlüsayın, İrfan
    Biomonitoring studies are important tools to understand the effects of endocrine-disrupting compounds on human health. Up to now, there have been no biomonitoring and risk assessment studies conducted in Turkish population in which urinary bisphenol A (BPA), 4-nonylphenol (4-NP), and 4-t-octylphenol (4-t-OP) levels were measured simultaneously. The aim of this study is to measure urinary BPA, 4-NP, and 4-t-OP on Turkish population and conduct a risk assessment using urinary levels of chemicals of interest. During the study, liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to measure urinary levels of above-mentioned chemicals, and human biomonitoring was used as a risk assessment tool in 103 volunteers, living in Mersin Region, Turkey. Urinary BPA, 4-NP, and 4-t-OP were founded as 0.0079 mu g/g creatinine, 0.0177 mu g/g creatinine, and 0.0114 mu g/g creatinine, respectively. The obtained estimated daily intakes (EDIs) were calculated as 0.095 mu g/kg bw/day, 0.041 mu g/kg bw/day, and 0.091 mu g/kg bw/day, for BPA, 4-NP, and 4-t-OP, respectively. In conclusion, although no potential health risk due to BPA and 4-NP exposure was observed, there might be health risks associated with 4-t-OP exposure in the Turkish population.