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    Assessment of 40-year Al Deposition in some Exotic Conifer Species in the Urban Air of Düzce, Türkiye
    (Springer Int Publ Ag, 2025) Koc, Ismail; Canturk, Ugur; Cobanoglu, Hatice; Kulac, Semsettin; Key, Kubra; Sevik, Hakan
    Heavy metal (HM) pollution in urban air, a global dilemma, has increased drastically in the last century. Aluminum (Al) is one of the HMs and a neurotoxic element that can be absorbed into human tissues through digestion, breathing, and skin. Al accumulation in humans can cause diseases and even cause death. Due to the risks it poses to human and environmental health, it is vital to track the Al contamination shifts in the airborne and decrease them. In this study, 40-year Al concentration differences in Pseudotsuga menziesii, Cedrus atlantica, Picea orientalis, Cupressus arizonica, and Pinus pinaster grown in D & uuml;zce, T & uuml;rkiye, the fifth most polluted European town, in terms of direction, tree species, and tissue type were assessed. As a result, Al accumulation in the tissues generally varies as outer bark > inner bark > wood. Whole species can accumulate Al significantly, and Al transfer between adjacent cells in the wood part is limited. In conclusion, all species can be used as biomonitors to track temporal Al pollution changes. However, the highest concentrations, especially in the wood part, were observed in Cedrus atlantica, Picea orientalis, and Cupressus arizonica, and these species were chosen to be the most suitable species to be used in phytoremediation studies.
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    Proof of concept to characterize historical heavy-metal concentrations in atmosphere in North Turkey: determining the variations of Ni, Co, and Mn concentrations in 180-year-old Corylus colurna L. (Turkish hazelnut) annual rings
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2023) Key, Kubra; Kulac, Semsettin; Koc, Ismail; Sevik, Hakan
    Heavy metals (HMs) are among the pollutants posing a significant threat to human, animal, and environmental health. Therefore, monitoring HM concentration changes, especially in the air, is crucial. This study used Corylus colurna L. (Turkish hazelnut) annual tree rings cut in 2020, and it was intended to define the 180-year variations in concentrations of Ni (nickel), Co (cobalt), and Mn (manganese) that are among the most harmful HMs. This study analyzed HMs concentrations in the wood, outer and inner bark in the north, south, east, and west directions and the seasonal variations in HM concentrations in tree rings. It was determined that, for all the three elements, the wood and barks significantly differed (P < 0.001) only in the north side, and the concentrations in wood were much lower than in the bark. The maximum concentrations were usually observed in annual rings in the west and south directions. The changes by both organ and direction can be related to the iron and steel factory and the highway, which are defined as HM sources. The results also revealed that the relocation of Co, Ni, and Mn in the wood of C. colurna tree remained at a limited level. The results suggest that C. colurna annual tree rings are very useful in tracking the variation of Ni, Co, and Mn concentrations.
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    Variation of 40-year Pb deposition in some conifers grown in the air-polluted-urban area of Duzce, Turkiye
    (Springer, 2025) Koc, Ismail; Cobanoglu, Hatice; Canturk, Ugur; Key, Kubra; Sevik, Hakan; Kulac, Semsettin
    Lead (Pb), one of the most lethal heavy metals (priority contaminant) in environmental and human health, spreads to the air as a metal or compound and has noxious properties. Therefore, tracking and diminishing Pb pollution are urgent and priority research topics. This study aims to contribute to the determination of suitable biomonitor species that can be used to observe Pb pollution shifts over a long period and hyperaccumulator species that can be used to lessen pollution. For this reason, it was selected to use species from Duzce, one of the five most unclean municipalities in Europe, including Pinus pinaster, Pseudotsuga menziesii, Cupressus arizonica, Cedrus atlantica, and Picea orientalis. The Pb concentration variations based on the species, organ, direction, and age range in the last 4 decades were assessed by examining the samples taken from tree species. The highest Pb concentrations were found in the outer bark and the east and north directions (high vehicle density) in almost all the species. These results showed that Pb pollution increases significantly due to vehicles. In conclusion, the displacement of Pb in wood was limited in these species; therefore, they could be used to track the Pb pollution change. C. arizonica and P. menziesii were determined to be suitable for reducing Pb pollution.