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    Determining the 180-year Change of Cd, Fe, and Al Concentrations in the Air by Using Annual Rings of Corylus colurna L
    (Springer Int Publ Ag, 2022) Key, Kübra; Kulaç, Şemsettin; Koç, İsmail; Şevik, Hakan
    Heavy metals (HMs), among the components of air pollution that is one of the utmost critical concerns our world has faced, are one of the biggest threats to living organisms. The plants, as a biomonitor, offer the most effective solution in tracking the change of HM concentration on earth and taking them under control. This paper aimed to evaluate the differences in cadmium (Cd), iron (Fe), and aluminum (Al) concentrations by using the annual rings of a 180-year-old Corylus colurna L. tree, which was cut in late 2020. Moreover, HMs in outer and inner bark were also compared to the values found in wood, and the direction-based change in the concentrations of these HMs was examined. As a result, the concentrations statistically differed between wood and barks for all three elements only in the north side p < 0.001), and bark samples had higher Cd, Fe, and Al element concentrations than wood. When examining the annual rings, the highest values were commonly observed in the western and northern sides, and there were notable differences between the directions in the same term. The difference is thought to be the effects of highway and steel and iron facility located at the nearest point. In conclusion, the results showed that the use of the species and monitoring method employed in this study were very appropriate for tracking the variation in Cd, Fe, and Al concentrations, and these HMs have almost no transfer between organs and cells of the Corylus colurna.
  • Küçük Resim
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    Proof of concept to characterize historical heavy metal concentrations from annual rings of Corylus colurna: determining the changes of Pb, Cr, and Zn concentrations in atmosphere in 180 years in North Turkey
    (Springer, 2022) Key, Kübra; Kulaç, Şemsettin
    Pollution in the atmosphere, a major problem worldwide, has significantly increased in the last century. Heavy metals have an important component in air pollution. Therefore, tracking the heavy metal concentration changes in the air is critical because they tend to accumulate in living things, and some might be carcinogenic, toxic, and lethal even at a small amount. The most preferred method for determining the heavy metal concentration changes in the atmosphere from past to present is the usage of annual growth rings of plants as a biomonitor. In the current research, annual rings of Corylus colurna tree were used to determine the change of lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), and zinc (Zn) during the last 180 years. Concentrations of heavy metals in the inner bark and bark were compared with wood and examined the directional changes. As a result, there was a statistically significant (p < 0.001) difference only between wood and bark in the north direction for all three elements, and the concentrations found in barks were higher than in the woods. The highest values in the annual rings were generally obtained in the west and south directions for many periods. Moreover, there were remarkable differences between the directions in the same period. These differences can be explained as the effects of nearby motorways and iron and steel plants. The results suggest that Corylus colurna is suitable for monitoring Pb, Cr, and Zn concentrations and that these heavy metals transfer between organs and between cells was minimal level.