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    Evaluation of different sponge types on the survival and infectivity of stored entomopathogenic nematodes
    (Academic Press Inc., 2020) Touray, Mustapha; Gülcü, Barış; Uluğ, Derya; Gülşen, Şebnem Hazal; Çimen, Harun; Kaya, Harry K.; Hazır, Selçuk
    Sponges are one of the cheapest and most suitable substrates used to formulate and/or store the infective juveniles (IJs) of entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs). Our study investigated the survival and infectivity of the IJs on five different sponges compared to that in an aqueous suspension (control). The sponges were Oasis® floral, Nanosponge, ScotchbriteTM, or Lysol® and natural sea sponge. EPN species tested were Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Steinernema carpocapsae and S. feltiae. The recovery efficiency of the IJs from sponges was initially assessed. Subsequently, IJs were stored in the sponges and placed in plastic bags or Falcon tubes and incubated at 10° or 27 °C for 8 months or 11 weeks, respectively. IJ survival and infectivity were monitored monthly for the 10 °C and weekly for 27 °C in these sponge types. The IJs were recovered from the sponges, and their survival was based on observing their movement under a dissecting microscope, and infectivity was based on larval mortality in Galleria mellonella. Recovery efficiency of IJs was best for the Oasis floral sponge for all nematode species ranging between 83 and 91%. The survival and infectivity of stored IJs in all sponge types and control for both 10° and 27 °C gradually decreased over time. IJs stored in Scotchbrite, Lysol, and Nanosponge had the best survival and infectivity, whereas Oasis floral and natural sea sponges showed the poorest results. After 8 months at 10 °C in plastic bags, the survival ratio of all IJs in these three sponges (Scotchbrite, Lysol, and Nanosponge) was approximately 55%. IJs in Scotchbrite and Nanosponge were also able to survive and retain their infectivity at 27 °C for 3 months. IJs stored in Falcon tubes had survival that ranged from 26 to 53% at 27 °C and 55 to 77% at 10 °C. H. bacteriophora IJs lost their infectivity when stored at 27 °C after 10 weeks. However, S. carpocapsae and S. feltiae exhibited 85% infectivity when stored in Scotchbrite and 50% in Nanosponge, respectively. Overall, sponges made from polyurethane (Scotchbrite) followed by melamine (Nanosponge) and cellulose (Lysol) are recommended for long-term nematode storage and transportation of nematode samples. However, Oasis floral sponge may be preferred for short-term IJ formulation for field applications because of easier recovery of IJs. © 2020 Elsevier Inc.
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    Evaluation of responses of different ant species (Formicidae) to the scavenger deterrent factor associated with the entomopathogenic nematode-bacterium complex
    (Czech Acad Sci, Inst Entomology, 2018) Gülcü, Barış; Hazır, Selçuk; Lewis, Edwin E.; Kaya, Harry K.
    According to previous observations, it was hypothesized that the feeding behavior of some ant species would be deterred by a scavenger deterrent factor (SDF), whereas for other species it would not. The effects of the SDF were studied on 11 ant species in three different subfamilies: Dolichoderinae Forel, 1878, Formicinae Latreille, 1809, and Myrmicinae Lepeletier de Saint-Fargeau, 1835. The experiments were conducted from 2014-2015 in Davis, California, United States, Aydin, Turkey, and Duzce, Turkey. Five-day-old Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar, 1976), (Hb)-killed and freeze-killed Galleria mellonella (Linnaeus, 1758) were exposed to ant colonies in the field for 3 to 4 h. Seven ant species fed significantly less on Hb-killed insects than freeze-killed insect. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in cadaver consumption with five species, but Liometopum occidentale Emery, 1895 did consume a higher rate of Hb-killed insects than freeze-killed insects and was not deterred by SDF. It was also observed that four ant species took Hb-killed insects into the nests, but two Myrmicinae species, Pogonomyrmex subdentatus Mayr, 1870 and Messor meridionalis (Andre, 1883) removed the cadavers after 30 min, whereas two Formicinae species, Cataglyphis nodus (Brune, 1833) and Formica fusca Linnaeus, 1758, retained the cadavers in the nest. It was assumed that the latter two species consumed both Hb-killed and freeze-killed insects. Further studies are needed to explain why L. occidentale C. nodus and F. fusca are not deterred by SDF.
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    Scavenger deterrent factor (SDF) from symbiotic bacteria of entomopathogenic nematodes
    (Academic Press Inc Elsevier Science, 2012) Gülcü, Barış; Hazır, Selçuk; Kaya, Harry K.
    Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPNs) in the genera Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are symbiotically associated with bacteria in the genera Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus, respectively. The symbiotic bacteria produce a chemical compound(s) that deterred ants from feeding on nematode-killed insects (i.e., cadavers) and has been previously referred to as an Ant Deterrent Factor (ADF). We studied the response of different arthropod scavenger species which included the ant Lepisiota frauenfeldi, cricket Gryllus bimaculatus, wasps Vespa orientalis and Paravespula sp., and calliphorid fly Chrysomya albiceps, to ADF. These scavengers (ants, crickets, and wasps) were exposed to cadavers with and without the nematode/bacterium complex or to Photorhabdus luminescens cultures of different ages on different substrates. The ant, cricket, and wasp species did not feed on nematode-killed insects containing the nematode/bacterium complex that were 2 days old and older but fed on 1-day-old nematode-killed and freeze-killed insects. Crickets consumed 2- to 7-day-old axenic nematode-killed insects, 1-, 4-, and 5-day-old insects killed by the bacterium, Serratia marcescens, and freeze-killed, putrid insects that were up to 10 days old. The crickets only partially consumed 2- and 3-day-old insects killed by S. marcescens which differed significantly from the 1-, 4-, and 5-day-old killed insects by this bacterium. Ants fed only on 5% sucrose solution (control) and 1- to 3- day old cultures of P. luminescens containing 5% sucrose but not on older cultures of P. luminescens. Wasps did not feed on meat treated with P. luminescens supernatant, whereas they fed on meat treated with Escherichia coli supernatant and control meat. Calliphorid flies did not oviposit on meat treated with P. luminescens supernatant but did oviposit on untreated meat. Based on the response of these scavengers, the chemical compound(s) responsible for this deterrent activity should be called "scavenger deterrent factor" (SDF). (c) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.