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    Analysis and evaluation of quality parameters of commercial propolis products using a new high Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) method and Comparison of antimicrobial properties
    (Elsevier, 2024) Karagul, Bora; Ugras, Serpil; Karagul, Pinar; Usta, Mehtap; Ugras, Brahim
    Propolis, which has an important place in functional foods, is a natural bee product with high biological active value and is consumed in different formulations and packages worldwide. Thanks to the active compounds it contains, propolis shows biological properties such as antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiprotozoal, antitumoral, antiulcer and anti-inflammatory. However, it is seen that propolis supplements are prepared unconsciously in the market. Such commercial products need to be standardized. Within the scope of this study, characteristic compounds of Turkish propolis were initially determined with support from the literature. Subsequently, bioactive components of 23 commercial propolis products were analyzed using the new HPLC method. Then, the flavonoid content and antimicrobial activity of the samples were determined. According to the results of these analyses, the amounts of Caffeic Acid (2,16-1620,57 ppm, Quercetin (0,19-203,99 ppm), Apigenin (0,30-319,08 ppm), Kaempferol (0,56-251,15 ppm), Chrysin (3,97-2830,93 ppm), and Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (13,08-9666,48 ppm) were found to be quite different. The highest flavonoid content was measured as P2: 20847,43 mg/L and the lowest was 00003,10 mg/L in sample P13. Samples prepared for children were found to be highly diluted in terms of content. Again, it was determined that the samples with high preservation of active ingredients were products with production certificates based on laboratory analyzes. The samples were generally found to have inhibition activity against Gram (+) bacteria. Propolis samples P6 and P22 showed high activity against Gram (+) and Gram (-) bacteria and even fungi. When we evaluated some products that are insufficient in terms of content and antimicrobial activity, it was observed that antimicrobial activity increased depending on the other auxiliary chemicals used in the products. In this context, propolis products, which are very valuable in terms of health, may lose their real activity due to uncontrolled production and will gradually be devalued in the market. It is important that this valuable product should be produced and offered to the market with the necessary analysis methods without losing its effectiveness.
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    Analysis of Anticancer Taxanes in Turkish Hazelnut ( Corylus avellana L.) Genotypes Using High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
    (Galenos Publ House, 2024) Kutluturk, Gulbahar Zehra; Duvenci, Elif Sine; Karagul, Bora; Yaman, Baki; Ugras, Halil Ibrahim; Serdar, Umit; Ari, Sule
    Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the anticancer taxane profiles of edible and non-edible parts of seven Turkish hazelnut ( Corylus avellana L.) genotypes. Hazelnut is one of the healthy foods rich in nutrients and antioxidants. Its regular consumption is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease and cancer. Hazelnut has been described as a plant source that produces taxanes which are widely used in many cancers. Turkiye is a homeland of hazelnut culture and has its own cultivars. Investigation of anticancer taxane profiles in different parts of Turkish hazelnut genotypes is important to show the potential and value of this plant from the perspective of the pharmaceutical and food industries. Materials and Methods: In this study, green leafy covers (GLCs) and hard shells (HSs) (non-edible parts), skinless kernels (SKs), brown-skins (BSs), and brown-skinned kernels (BSKs) (edible parts) of & Ccedil;ak & imath;ldak, Sivri, Tombul, Palaz, and Kal & imath;nkara as standard and Ham and Sivri Ya & gbreve;l & imath; as local genotypes were used. The five parts of each genotype were ground to powder and eliminated to a size of less than 80 mesh. Each part was extracted using hexane and methanol for 10-deacetylbaccatin III (10-DAB III), baccatin III (BAC III), cephalomannine, and paclitaxel analyses in three replicates. Samples and standards were analyzed by acetonitrile: water gradient method on NOVA Spher 100 Phenyl-Hexyl C18 column inhighperformance liquid chromatography reverse phase system with 228 nm ultraviolet detector and 1.0 mL/min flow rate. Microsoft Office Excel, 2016, and analysis of variance Jamovi Version 2.3 were used for statistical and data analysis, consecutively. Results: Hazelnut parts differed to a very high degree from each other in terms of the highest amount of 10- DAB III (Ham HSs, 9,15 mu g/g), BAC III (Kal & imath;nkara BSs, 7.24 mu g/g), cephalomannine (Sivri Ya & gbreve;l & imath; BSs, 6.37 mu g/g), and paclitaxel (Ham BSKs, 4.36 mu g/g) they contained. While HSs, BSKs, and BSs were rich in taxanes in all of the analyzed genotypes, SKs, and GLCs remain limited for anticancer taxanes. Conclusion: This is the first report that revealed the differences in taxane contents of Turkish hazelnuts including previously untested standard and local genotypes and their parts. Significant differences between genotype and hazelnut parts are expected to highlight the health benefits of consuming raw Turkish hazelnut with BSs and their possible use as a functional food. These results add more information to elucidate the bioactive potential of Turkish hazelnuts and their by-products and provide a promising resource for the food and pharmaceutical industry with an anticancer perspective.
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    Synthesis of magnesium monoperoxyphthalate (MMPP) used as bleach for denim industry, denim fabric applications and some analysis for human health impacts
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Ugras, Serpil; Karagul, Bora; Ulger, Sultan; Akbulut, Derya; Akkurt, Mustafa
    This study aimed to synthesize the eco-friendly organic bleach magnesium bis(monoperoxyphthalate) hexahydrate (MMPP) using a modified method and to develop various chelating agents to enhance its effectiveness. Additionally, the study sought to determine the antimicrobial and cytotoxic properties of MMPP and to compare it with KMnO4, which is actively used in the denim industry. As a result of the studies, a highly efficient molecule that can be used in denim bleaching was synthesized with a new modified method specific to this study. Furthermore, maximum efficiency in bleaching applications was achieved by using C6H6MgO7 (5%) and HEDP (5%) as chelating agents. Furthermore, it was determined that MMPP has high inhibitory activity against pathogenic microorganisms at low doses (MIC values; 312.5-625.0 mu g/mL for bacteria and 4-8 mg/mL for yeast). It was determined that antibacterial dosages were not cytotoxic. MMPP did not show any toxic effect against eukaryotic cells in the range of 1 mu g/mL - 1 mg/mL. These studies were compared with KMnO4, which is used all over the world in bleaching technology and is in the class of very dangerous chemicals. It was determined that MMPP and KMnO4 have similar bleaching effects in fabric applications. KMnO4 does not have antimicrobial activity and its cytotoxic activity results are like MMPP. It can be said that MMPP has a superior feature compared to KMnO4, thanks to its antimicrobial properties. Finally, MMPP differs from existing bleach chemicals in that it has high antimicrobial activity and does not have cytotoxic activity and can be said to be a strong alternative to dangerous bleaches as KMnO4. Compared to other bleaching agents, the most significant advantage of the MMPP molecule is that it does not generate harmful by-products and poses no threat to human health or the environment.