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Öğe Bazı Islah yöntemlerinin meranın verim ve kalitesine etkisi(2013) Yavuz, Recep; Karagül, Refik2005-2006 yıllarında yürütülen bu çalışma, mevcut bitki örtüsü verimsizleşmiş Düzce Esenli merası ve aynı özelliklere sahip diğer mera alanları için uygun ıslah yöntemlerinin ortaya konması amacıyla yapılmıştır. Daha önce hiçbir işleme tabi tutulmayan Esenli Köyü doğal mera alanında bir kontrol (A) ve 2 farklı ıslah yöntemi ele alınmıştır. Islah yöntemleri: gübreleme (B) ve sürülerek ekim gübreleme (C)dir. Gübrelemenin hiçbir şey yapılmayan meraya göre ne kadar bir iyileşme getirdiği ve sürülerek ekim gübrelemenin, doğal bir meraya göre ne gibi bir farklılık oluşturduğu araştırılmıştır. En yüksek kuru ot, kuru madde, ham protein ve ham kül verimi C uygulamasından sırasıyla1489.5, 1405.8, 274.3 ve 100.2 kg/ha elde edilmiştir. Kuru ot, kuru madde, ham protein ve ham kül verimi A uygulamasında sırasıyla 193.7, 177, 19, 12.5 kg/ha; B uygulamasında ise sırasıyla 845.4, 763.8, 108.8, 60.6 kg/da olarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre, alanın düz, toprak yapısının yem bitkisi yetiştiriciliğine uygun olması, ot verimi ve kalitesinin belirlenmesi amacıyla incelenen tüm konularda en yüksek değerlerin elde edilmesi nedenleriyle, sürülerek ekim gübreleme uygulamasının en iyi ıslah yöntemi olabileceği düşünülmektedir.Öğe CHANGES IN ERODIBILITY INDICES AND SOME SOIL PROPERTIES ACCORDING TO PARENT MATERIALS AND LAND USE REGIMES IN ERFELEK DAM CREEK WATERSHED (SINOP, TURKEY)(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2008) Yılmaz, Murat; Yılmaz, Faruk; Karagül, Refik; Altun, LokmanIn this study. an analysis was performed on changes in erodibility indices and some other properties of soils in Erfelek Dam watershed constructed in Sinop-Turkey with a view to generate drinking, domestic and irrigation water according to land use regimes (open space, cultivated area and forested area) and the parent material (limestone and mudstone) from which soil develops. 53 sample plots were selected from frontier lands with the same aspect (northern aspect) in the same altitude zone and approximately in the same slope class. Soil samples were gathered according to depth levels (0-20 and 20-50 cm) from cross sections of soils pertaining to selected lands. In soil samples, analyses such as particle size distribution, soil organic matter (SOM), dispersion ratio (DR), erosion ratio (ER), colloid-moisture equivalent ratio (C-MER), structural stability index (SSI), available water capacity (AWC), soil reaction (pH) and total lime (CaCO(3)) were performed. A variance analysis was performed in order to test whether the obtained results vary according, to land use regime and parent material. The results show that average erodibility indices (ER and DR (p < 0.01): C-MER and SSI p < 0.05) and soil properties such as clay (p < 0.01), SOM and CaCO(3) (p < 0.05), and pH (p < 0.001) vary according to land use regime. Besides average erodibility indices (ER, DR and SSI (p < 0.01), C-MER (p < 0.05)) and soil properties such as clay, AWC, pH and CaCO(3) (p < 0.05) vary according to parent material. Consequently, it was concluded that, soils that were developed from different parent materials and are under three different land use regimes were liable to erosion. However, soils that were developed from mudstone parent material and are being used as forested area were found to be more susceptible to erosion. The study area of Erfelek Dam Creek Watershed renders these results fairly significantly. The results suggest that considering these results in works related with planning, management and improvement of the basin will surely contribute to the economic life of the dam.Öğe Düzce Odayeri yaylasında bazı ıslah yöntemlerinin kuru ot verimi üzerine etkileri(2019) Gedikli, Hasan; Karagül, Refik; Özcan, MehmetEn önemli doğal kaynaklarımızdan biri olan yaylalar, ülkemizin hemen hemen her bölgesinde bulunmakta ve hayvancılığın kaba yem ihtiyacının en ucuz karşılanabileceği alanlar olarak ülke hayvancılığına önemli katkılar sunmaktadır. Ancak yayla meralarında yıllardır süre gelen bilinçsiz otlatma baskısı bugün birçok yaylanın klimaks bitki örtüsünden uzaklaşarak çalı ve yabancı otlarla kaplanmasına neden olmuştur. Ancak, bu alanların hayvancılık üretimine olan katkısı, mera durumu ve yapısına uygun rehabilitasyon yöntemlerinin uygulanmasıyla arttırılabilir. Ülkemizde düşük rakımlı mera alanlarının ıslahı konusunda birçok çalışma yapılmışken, yaylalarda (dağ merası) pek fazla çalışma yapılmamıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışmada yem verimi bakımından orta mera sınıfına giren Odayeri yaylasında farklı ıslah yöntemlerinin yaylanın kuru ot verimi üzerine etkileri araştırılmıştır. Çalışma 2016-2017 yıllarında, 1200 m rakımda ve Türkiye yayla ortalamasına yakın olan Düzce ili sınırları içerisinde yer alan Odayeri Yaylasında gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma rastlantı parselleri deneme desenine göre 6 işlem (kontrol, tohum ekimi, herbisit, gübreleme, gübreleme+herbisit, tohum ekimi+gübreleme) 3 tekrarlı olarak 30 m2 büyüklüğünde 18 adet parselde uygulanmıştır. Çalışma sonuçlarına göre Odayeri yaylasında gübre (390,0 kg/da) ve herbisit+gübre (325,4 kg/da) uygulamalarından elde edilen kuru ot verimleri, kontrol parseline göre (196,3 kg/da) önemli derecede yüksek bulunmuştur. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre Odayeri yaylası ve benzer ekolojik koşullara sahip yaylalarda gübreleme ve herbisit+gübreleme ıslah yöntemlerinin uygulanabileceği, böylece kuru ot veriminde önemli bir artışın sağlanabileceği düşünülmektedir.Öğe Effect of Land Use on Some Physical and Chemical Water Quality Parameters in the Sub-watersheds of Big Melen Stream(Istanbul Univ-Cerrahpasa, 2022) Çitgez, Tarık; Karagül, Refik; Özcan, Mehmet; Özbayram, Ali KemalThis study was carried out in two watersheds of the Big Melen Stream, which provides water to Istanbul. Forest areas are dominant in the Yukarikarakoy watershed, whereas agricultural areas (hazelnut plantations) are dominant in the Avlayan watershed. There are settlement areas at the outlet regions of both watersheds. The purpose of the study was to compare the effect on the water quality as a consequence of the forests, settlement areas, and hazelnut plantations. Accordingly, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), dissolved oxygen (DO), total nitrogen (TN), NO2-, NO3-, SO42-, PO43-, and NH4+ concentrations were measured in the stream points representing hazelnut plantations, forests, and settlement areas for 2 years. The water quality classification of the sampling points was determined in accordance with the criteria specified in the Turkish Surface Water Quality Regulations (SWQR). The mean EC, TN, NO3-, SO42-, and DO of the sampling point representing the forest were 264 mu S/cm, 1.5 mg/L, 3.1 mg/L, 14.7 mg/L, and 10.3 mg/L, respectively. The mean EC, TN, NO3-, and SO42- values of the point representing the hazelnut plantation were higher than those of the point representing the forest. In the sampling points representing the settlement areas of both watersheds, the EC and PO43- increased, while the DO decreased. As a result, it was determined that the stream water of the point representing the forest was of higher quality than that of the point representing the hazelnut plantation and that the settlement areas significantly reduced the water quality by increasing the concentrations of pollutants.Öğe Estimation of peak runoff and frequency in an ungauged stream of a forested watershed for flood hazard mapping(Northeast Forestry Univ, 2019) Karagül, Refik; Çitgez, TarikKaynasli District in the western Black Sea region of Turkey has long been vulnerable to frequent flood damage due to the establishment of settlements within and around stream channels without regard to fluctuating peak-streamflow frequencies. The aim of this research was to determine the measures needed to protect the towns and villages from this type of damage. Daily total precipitation data for 1975-2010 were analysed, and rainfall-runoff models developed to estimate the potential yearly maximum discharge from each stream of sub-watersheds dominated by forests and/or agriculture. This was then calculated for different frequencies of the yearly maximum discharge. Flood analysis and mapping was modified via the one-dimensional Hydrologic Engineering Centers-River Analysis System software to produce potential maximum discharge and geometric data for Kaynasli Creek. As the main creek of the sub-watershed, its cross-section was shown to be insufficient and incapable of containing the maximum discharge at the 100-year frequency presumed for the watershed, and subsequently was seen as having a high level of casualty risk. It was concluded that the one dimensional model could be useful, but 2D models were more suitable for these types of watersheds.Öğe Meranın Otlatma Kapasitesi ve Botanik Kompozisyonuna Bazı Islah Yöntemlerinin Etkisi(2014) Yavuz, Recep; Karagül, RefikBitki örtüsü aşırı yıpranmış Düzce Esenli merasında, kontrol (A), gübreleme (B) ve sürülerek ekim gübreleme (C) yöntemlerinin meranın botanik kompozisyonuna ve otlatma kapasitesine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Buğdaygil, baklagil ve diğer familyalara ait bitkilerin genel ortalama olarak botanik kompozisyona katılma oranları sırasıyla %81.9, %8.95 ve %16,71 olup, C uygulaması ile baklagillerin botanik kompozisyona katılma oranı ortalama %23,15ye yükselmiştir. Uzun yıllar ortalamasından farklı olarak, 2006 yılında bitkilerin aktif büyüme dönemi boyunca devam eden yağış yetersizliğinin; verim değerlerinin düşük düzeyde kalmasına neden olduğu görülmüştür. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre meranın botanik kompozisyonuna baklagillerin katılma oranında ve otlatma kapasitesinde yüksek değerlerin elde edilmesi nedenleriyle, sürülerek ekim gübreleme uygulamasının en uygun iyi ıslah yöntemi olabileceği düşünülmektedir.Öğe Seasonal variations of water quality in rivers of the düzce watershed (TURKEY)(2009) Altun, Lokman; Yılmaz, Murat; Karagül, Refik; Okatan, ArslanThe Buyuk Melen, Kucuk Melen, Aksu, and Ugursuyu rivers pass through the important Düzce watershed in northwestern Turkey, and discharge into the Black Sea. The Düzce watershed is projected to provide drinking water for Istanbul until 2040. Surface water was sampled during each season from 2001-2006 at four sites (Buyuk Melen, Kucuk Melen, Aksu and Ugursuyu) and analyzed for temperature (T), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), biological oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH), and organic matter (pV). Seasonal differences were statistically evaluated according to Turkish Standard (TS) 266, and the European Union (EU) and World Health Organization (WHO) standards. BOD, TA, TDS, TH, and EC of the Buyuk Melen river; BOD, DO, TA, TDS, TH, and EC of the Aksu river; and PV, TDS, TH, and EC of the Kucuk Melen river showed significant seasonal differences. Concerning these rivers, DO and T of Buyuk Melen; T of Aksu; DO and T of Kucuk Melen; as well as DO and T of Ugursuyu showed highly significant seasonal differences. Although some of the parameters indicated second-class water quality during some seasons, overall, the water quality of these 4 rivers met the TS 266, EU, and WHO criteria.Öğe SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF WATER QUALITY IN RIVERS OF THE DUZCE WATERSHED (TURKEY)(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2009) Altun, Lokman; Yılmaz, Murat; Karagül, Refik; Okatan, ArslanThe Buyuk Melen, Kucuk Melen. Aksu, and Ugursuyu rivers pass through the important Duzce watershed in northwestern Turkey, and discharge into the Black Sea. The Duzce watershed is projected to provide drinking water for Istanbul until 2040. Surface water was sampled during each season from 2001-2006 at four sites (Buyuk Melen, Kucuk Melen, Aksu and Ugursuyu) and analyzed for temperature (T), pH, electrical conductivity (EC), biological oxygen demand (BOD), dissolved oxygen (DO), total dissolved solids (TDS), total alkalinity (TA), total hardness (TH). and organic matter (pV). Seasonal differences were statistically evaluated according to Turkish Standard (TS) 266, and the European Union (EU) and World Health Organization (WHO) standards. BOD, TA, TDS, TH, and EC of the Buyuk Melen river; BOD, DO, TA, TDS, TH, and EC of the Aksu river, and PV, TDS, TH, and EC of the Kucuk Melen river showed significant seasonal differences. Concerning, these rivers, DO and T of Buyuk Melen; T of Aksu;, DO and T of Kucuk Melen; as well as DO and T of Ugursuyu showed highly significant seasonal differences. Although some of the parameters indicated second-class water quality during some seasons, overall, the water quality of these 4 rivers met the TS 266, EU, and WHO criteria.
