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    Evaluation of autonomous vehicle driving systems for risk assessment based on three-dimensional uncertain linguistic variables
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Erdoğan, M.; Kaya, İ.; Karaşan, A.; Çolak, M.
    Autonomous vehicle driving systems (AVDSs) have independent decision structures from the users to manage and control the operations of the vehicles both in normal conditions and unexpected situations. Although there are some advantages, such as decreasing accidents reasoned by human errors and efficient energy usage, it is obvious that some risks are rooted in this technology usage. Therefore, it will be beneficial to realize a risk assessment application for autonomous vehicles (AVs) and/or driving systems (DSs) since whose risks are crucial to test and solve. In this paper, a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methodology integrating DEcision MAking Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), Analytical Network Process (ANP), and VlseKriterijuska Optimizacija I Komoromisno Resenje (VIKOR) techniques under spherical fuzzy environment have been suggested to evaluate AVDS alternatives in terms of considered risk criteria. Spherical fuzzy sets (SFS), which are the extension of the ordinary fuzzy sets, have been used to consider the hesitancy of experts and decision-makers as well as uncertainty and impreciseness in the available data. In the application, six AVDS alternatives have been evaluated in terms of seven main criteria and forty sub-criteria. The factors “Software Specifications” and “Reliability” have been determined as the most important main and sub-criteria with the weights 0.193 and 0.066, respectively. Additionally, comparative and sensitivity analyses have been applied to present flexibility, validation and verification of the proposed methodology together with the sensitivity of the given decisions. Based on the application results and conducted analyses, possible implications by views of theoretical, managerial, and policy context have been discussed. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.
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    A multicriteria decision making methodology based on two-dimensional uncertainty by hesitant Z-fuzzy linguistic terms with an application for blockchain risk evaluation
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2021) Karaşan, A.; Kaya, İ.; Erdoğan, M.; Çolak, M.
    Blockchain technology (BT), which provides to record transactions among many computers as a distributed ledger, is commonly utilized by companies to develop and manage business processes. Since it is a multi-process and multi-agent complex system, the implementation process of BT contains many risk factors. Identifying and analyzing these risks in order to minimize their adverse effects during the implementation process is also completely critical for companies. Since evaluating these risks must be handled by considering many different perspectives, the evaluation of risk factors for BT can be considered as a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem. To cope with uncertainty in this process, the fuzzy set theory (FST) can be effectively utilized with MCDM methods to increase their ability to obtain more concrete and realistic results. Therefore, this paper proposes an MCDM methodology consisting of Decision-Making Trail and Evaluating Laboratory (DEMATEL) and cognitive mapping methods based on FST. These methods have been reconstructed with hesitant fuzzy Z-numbers that enable not only to state impreciseness of the assessments but also to consider indeterminacy and hesitancy of the experts to evaluate risk factors with respect to BT implementation. While the dependencies of risk factors have been determined via the hesitant fuzzy Z-DEMATEL method, their weights have been obtained through the hesitant fuzzy Z-cognitive mapping method. As a result, this study aims to prioritize risk factors related to the BT implementation process with a novel fuzzy decision-making methodology and provide a road map for companies. With this study, which is the first paper in the literature in terms of the subject of the study and the method adopted, an integrated, comprehensive fuzzy approach is introduced for the first time in evaluating BT risks. As a result of detailed research, risk factors that companies may encounter in BT use and the degrees of their importance have been determined. Through that, essential decision analysis has been put forward that companies can apply for their strategic decisions. A sensitivity analysis based on changes in the initial vector values has also been adapted to analyze the effects of the risk factors. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.