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    Institutions and macroeconomic indicators: entrepreneurial activities across the world
    (Emerald Group Publishing Ltd, 2024) Kara, Oguz; Altinay, Levent; Bagis, Mehmet; Kurutkan, Mehmet Nurullah; Vatankhah, Sanaz
    PurposeEntrepreneurial activity is a phenomenon that increases the economic growth of countries and improves their social welfare. The economic development levels of countries have significant effects on these entrepreneurial activities. This research examines which institutional and macroeconomic variables explain early-stage entrepreneurship activities in developed and developing economies.Design/methodology/approachThe authors conducted panel data analysis on the data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) and International Monetary Fund (IMF) surveys covering the years 2009-2018.FindingsFirst, the authors' results reveal that cognitive, normative and regulatory institutions and macroeconomic factors affect early-stage entrepreneurial activity in developed and developing countries differently. Second, the authors' findings indicate that cognitive, normative and regulatory institutions affect early-stage entrepreneurship more positively in developed than developing countries. Finally, the authors' results report that macroeconomic factors are more effective in early-stage entrepreneurial activity in developing countries than in developed countries.Originality/valueThis study provides a better understanding of the components that help explain the differences in entrepreneurship between developed and developing countries regarding institutions and macroeconomic factors. In this way, it contributes to developing entrepreneurship literature with the theoretical achievements of combining institutional theory and macroeconomic indicators with entrepreneurship literature.
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    The Relative Performance of Countries in the Fight Against Covid-19 and the Impact of Public Measures br
    (Eskisehir Osmangazi Univ, Fac Education, 2023) Yalcin, Gupse Sevda; Kara, Oguz; Aydin, Uzeyir
    The Covid-19 pandemic has tested the health infrastructures of many countries and has enabled them to examine their managerial skills in the face of the pandemic. To control the pandemic, countries have resorted to some public restrictions and measures to prevent the spread of the disease, as well as the detection and treatment of cases. In this study, the effect of public restrictions applied during the pandemic process in the fight against Covid-19 was examined using the Two-Stage Bootstrap Data Envelopment method. In the first stage, the performance of the health infrastructures of the countries in the fight against Covid-19, and in the second stage, the effect of public measures on the performance scores was evaluated. As a result, it has been seen that the most successful countries in the fight against the pandemic are Austria, Denmark, and Lithuania. On the other hand, America, France, and Belgium were found to be the most unsuccessful countries. It has been determined that public measures generally have a positive effect on the performance of countries fighting Covid-19