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    Evaluation of earthquake-related damages on masonry structures due to the 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaras,-Türkiye earthquakes: A case study for Hatay Governorship Building
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Kahya, Volkan; Genc, Ali Fuat; Sunca, Fezayil; Roudane, Boudjamaa; Altunisik, Ahmet Can; Yilmaz, Semin; Gunaydin, Murat
    The present study contributes to enriching the sparse literature on the seismic analysis of historical masonry buildings through field observations and advanced computational tools. To do this, the findings from field observations in the area affected by the February 6th, 2023, Kahramanmaras, earthquakes (Mw = 7.7 and Mw = 7.6) are evaluated to point out the possible reasons for damages occurred in masonry buildings. Further, numerical simulations of a historical building in Hatay which has a significant amount of historical masonry building stock in the region. Comparisons of the results obtained from non-linear finite element analyses and field observations are made to explain the crack patterns occurred and damage mechanisms. Nonlinear finite element analyses confirmed that the considered structure did not collapse despite being seriously damaged in the first two earthquakes (Mw = 7.7 and Mw = 7.6), but a part of it completely collapsed because of the third earthquake (Mw = 6.4) on February 20th, 2023, in Defne district. The damage patterns observed in the field are also obtained exactly by the numerical simulations. Some retrofitting proposals are given to assist the authorities in charge of the reconstruction and rehabilitation programs to account for a better interpretation and under-standing of the seismic performance of masonry buildings.
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    Field Observations and Damage Evaluation in Reinforced Concrete Buildings After the February 6th, 2023, Kahramanmaras-Turkiye Earthquakes
    (World Scientific Publ Co Pte Ltd, 2023) Altunisik, Ahmet Can; Arslan, Mehmet Emin; Kahya, Volkan; Aslan, Banu; Sezdirmez, Tugrul; Dok, Gokhan; Kirtel, Osman
    On February 6, 2023, two major earthquakes (Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6) occurred in the province of Kahramanmaras in southern Turkiye at 9-h intervals, causing a lot of loss of life and destruction in the region where approximately 16% of the country's population lives. This study provides a comprehensive summary of common structural deficiencies that occurred in reinforced concrete (RC) buildings in earthquake-prone cities and proposes actionable measures systematically for future disasters. The evaluated data are based on the field observations of the authors. The main reasons for damages in RC buildings in the observation field can be classified into two categories: (1) the errors during the design stage (strong beam-weak column, short column, soft story, pounding effects, the existence of short and unconfined lap splices, insufficient transverse reinforcement, column-beam connection failures), and (2) the errors during the construction stage (poor concrete quality, unribbed reinforcing steel bar and corrosion, incorrect placement of reinforcement bars, incorrect end hook angle and length, weak gable walls, workmanship defects). Furthermore, a comparative nonlinear finite element analysis of the seismic impacts caused by the first earthquake on an existing RC building fully collapsed in the earthquake was conducted as a case study considering Turkiye Building Earthquake Code 2018 [TBEC 2018] Turkiye Bina Deprem Yonetmeligi, Afet ve Acil Durum Yonetimi Baskanligi, Ankara (in Turkish)]. The validity and accuracy of the reasons for damages, which were reached by the field observations, were also proven by numerical analysis results. The importance of complying with the regulations, conducting the performance evaluations and controls of the buildings according to the renewed earthquake regulations and, if necessary, repairing-strengthening works were emphasized. The loss of life and property after the earthquakes that we experienced on February 6, 2023, which were called the Disaster of the Century, showed that Turkiye's current building stock, especially those built before a certain date, is insufficient against earthquakes.