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    Association of Between Heavy Metal and Trace Element Levels in Blood and Cervical Mucus with Female Infertility
    (Ortadogu Ad Pres & Publ Co, 2012) Ilgın, Halil; Hassa, Hikmet; Karataş, Ahmet; Kahraman, Salih; Ilgın, Bade
    Objective: Infertility affects 10-15% of couples during the reproductive period. Ovulatory disorders are more common in younger women whereas unexplained infertility occurs more commonly in older women. Recently, many environmental agents, such as cigarettes, alcohol, heat, electromagnetic energy and radiation have been shown to have negative effects on the reproductive system. Environmental factors and exposure to heavy metals change fertility patterns in adults by affecting germ cell maturation, fertilization and the endocrine system. We aimed to investigate the effect of trace elements and heavy metals in blood and cervical mucus on female infertility. Material and Methods: Study was performed with 50 women: Infertile (n=35) and controls (n=15). Blood and cervical mucus samples were collected to measure Zn, Cu, Cd, and Pb levels. Results: Mean blood plasma and cervical mucus Zn, Cd, and Cu levels in the infertile group were significantly lower than those in the control group. Whole blood Pb level was higher in the infertile group compared to the control group. Although blood Cd level tended to be higher in smokers and cervical mucus Cd level tended to be lower in controls, neither of these difference were statistically significant. Condusion: Lower levels of plasma and cervical mucus Zn and Cu were thought to result from higher levels of Cd and Pb in blood and cervical mucus. Abnormal levels of heavy metals in blood and cervical mucus may have adverse effects on the female reproductive function.
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    The Effect of Blood and Seminal Plasma Heavy Metal and Trace Element Levels on Sperm Quality
    (Ortadogu Ad Pres & Publ Co, 2012) Kahraman, Salih; Hassa, Hikmet; Karataş, Ahmet; Ilgın, Halil
    Objective: Infertility is shown in approximately 10-15% of the couples. Male infertility is responsible for at least 50% of them. In these infertile couples, male is responsible alone in 30% while male and female are responsible together in 20%. The semen analysis is the first laboratory test which should be done to evaluate the male infertility. Heavy metals and trace elements affect sperm production, motility and morphology. The aim of this study is to determine zinc, copper, lead and cadmium levels in blood and seminal samples of men and to evaluate their relationship with sperm quality parameters. Material and Methods: Forty-two men with abnormal sperm quality parameters and 10 control subjects were included in the study. Zinc, copper, cadmium and lead levels were measured in blood and semen. The results were compared. Results: Lead levels in blood, cadmium levels both in blood and seminal plasma were significantly higher in men with abnormal sperm analyses (p<0.05). There was a positive correlation between seminal plasma zinc level and sperm count, motility and morphology (p<0.001) and between seminal plasma copper level and sperm count and morphology (p<0.05). There was a negative correlation between lead level and sperm count, motility and morphology (p<0.001). Likewise, there was a negative correlation between blood cadmium level and sperm motility and morphology (p<0.05) and between seminal plasma cadmium level and sperm motility (p<0.05). Conclusion: Zinc and copper affect sperm quality positively whereas lead and cadmium shows a negative effect. Exposure to heavy metals is an important etiology in the male infertility problem and should be treated seriously.
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    The Effect of Lifestyle Behaviour to Women’s Fertility
    (Düzce Üniversitesi, 2017) Kaya, Yeliz; Kızılkaya Beji, Nezihe; Aydın, Yunus; Hassa, Hikmet
    The development of a health-promoting lifestyle has an important role in preventing infertility and bringing fertility rates to the ideal level. Smoking, body mass index lower than 18.5 kg/m2- higher than 25 kg/m2, exercise level, alcohol consumption, caffeine consumption and stress were shown the negative affects to follicle development, ovulation and causing to failure the success rate of both fertilization and assisted reproduction techniques. Nurses have important tasks to identification of health risk behaviors and to plan and change of these behaviors. Therefore, the nurses should inform the infertile couple about the effect of healthy lifestyle to the reproductive health and encourage them about the healthpromoting lifestyle. In this review the aim is to discuss the effect of lifestyle behaviour to women’s fertility.