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    Adverse impacts of foreign direct investments on the environment: The case of Somalia
    (IGI Global, 2024) Harmanci, Hasan
    Climate change is an international problem that requires global collaboration and cooperation. African countries need almost $3 trillion in additional investment to address climate change and its negative impacts, highlighting the importance of FDIs in these countries. Although FDI inflows bring benefits such as the transfer of greener technology, which reduces environmental degradation, they can result in unfavorable environmental consequences. This study focuses on the environmental pollution caused by FDIs in Somalia and examines the negative impacts of this situation on the country's development. The objective of this chapter is to facilitate the implementation of ESG principles, offering insights from Somalia to suggest solutions for identified challenges. By integrating ESG principles, Somalia can attract sustainable investments, enhance governance, and improve social welfare. Recommendations are provided for policymakers, NGOs, and companies to balance economic growth with environmental sustainability and social equity, ensuring Somalia's long-term sustainable development. © 2024 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.
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    Emerging market SMEs' internationalization enablers and their influence on internationalization patterns: The case of Turkish automotive suppliers
    (Elsevier, 2025) Harmanci, Hasan; Khalik, Mahmoud; Godinez, Jose
    Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) in emerging markets (EMs) are increasingly engaging in internationalization despite facing resource constraints and institutional barriers. However, there is limited understanding of how internationalization enablers influence internationalization patterns in these contexts. We investigate how networks, strategic entrepreneurship, and government support shape the speed, scope, and scale of internationalization among EM SMEs. Analyzing Turkish SMEs in the automotive supplier industry, we adopt a multiple case study approach to examine how they mobilize internal and external enablers under conditions of institutional duality and market volatility. Our findings reveal that institutional and business networks accelerate initial market entry and broaden geographic reach, while social networks play only a marginal role. Strategic entrepreneurship, particularly through frugal innovation, learning, and alliances, enables firms to expand and sustain international operations over time. Government support mechanisms, such as trade fair subsidies and export grants, play a critical role in reducing entry barriers and extending foreign market reach, although their effect on scale remains limited.
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    Navigating turbulent waters in the US-China trade war and the role of brics in shaping global dynamics
    (IGI Global, 2024) Harmanci, Hasan
    This study examines the multifaceted impacts of the U.S.-China trade war on global trade dynamics, with a particular focus on the role of BRICS. Initiated in 2018, the trade war marked a significant disruption in 21st-century global trade, leading to increased tariffs and strained economic relations between the world's two largest economies. The research explores how this conflict has reshaped global trade patterns, disrupted international supply chains, and influenced the strategies of multinational enterprises (MNEs). Additionally, it investigates the strategic responses of BRICS nations, highlighting their efforts to strengthen intra-group cooperation, reduce dependency on Western countries, and enhance their global influence. By analyzing mutual FDI flows, trade deficits, and GDP growth, this study provides a comprehensive understanding of the broader implications of the U.S.-China trade war, particularly in the context of BRICs and the evolving global economic order. © 2025 Elsevier B.V., All rights reserved.