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Öğe The effect of pre-treatments and seed collection time on the germination characteristics of common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus) seeds in the Eastern Black Sea Region, Turkey(Ista-Int Seed Testing Assoc, 2015) Güney, Deniz; Atar, Fahrettin; Atar, Ebru; Turna, İbrahim; Kulaç, ŞemsettinThe germination characteristics of common hornbeam (Carpinus betulus), which shows a natural distribution in Turkey, were analysed. Seeds were obtained from 12 populations at different altitudes in the river basins of Trabzon-Macka, Trabzon-Caykara, Rize-Camlihemsin in and Giresun-Espiye. In common hornbeam seeds, there is a germination barrier caused by the seed coat and embryo. In order to eliminate the germination barrier and increase germination, 22 different pre-treatments, including control different concentrations of GA(3), citric and sulphuric acids, and different stratification periods were performed before seed germination was tested. Analysis of the effect of different seed collection times and pre-treatments on the germination percentage revealed differences according to population and altitude. The pre-treatments also showed differences on the basis of populations. The highest germination took place following GA(3) pre-treatments (30%) and in seeds collected in mid-September (54%).Öğe Effects of geoclimatic features on morphogenetic variability in Fagus orientalis(Osterreichischer Agrarverlag, 2022) Güney, Deniz; Turna, İbrahim; Kulaç, ŞemsettinBeech forests have a very important place not only in timber production, but also in environmental and soil protection, with a wide variety of provided benefits. This study has two main objectives: 1. to examine morphogenetic variations of seeds and seedlings of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) in relation to geoclimatic factors in the natural distribution of oriental beech in Turkey and 2. to provide basic informa- tion about gene conservation and management of oriental beech forests by morpho- genetically examining the variations among and within 11 populations in the natural distribution of oriental beech in Turkey. There were statistical differences among and within the populations depending on seed and seedling characteristics measured in the study. A Penrose's analysis suggest that, the highest distance value was evident between Sinop-Abali and Trabzon-Caykara populations (Pn(1,7): 3.490) and the lowest distance value between Trabzon-Macka and Giresun- Kulakkaya populations (Pn(6,8): 0.477). We conducted correlation analysis between bioclimatic factors and seed and seedling morphological characteristics and found positive correlations between mean of the minimum temperature of the coldest month and seedling length as well as the number of side branches of the one and two-year -old seedlings, while we found negative correlations between altitude and these characteristics. The seed sizes had statistically significant correlations with each other and with seedling length, root col- lar diameter and the number of side branches of the one and two-year -old seedlings. Since preservation of gene resources in-situ is important in terms of continuity of va- riation and conservation of biological diversity, preservation of existing populations and continuity of genetic variation should be ensured. In future forest establishment studies of oriental beech, we advise attention with regards to altitude zones and geo- graphic distances. Using seedlings produced using seeds of a confirmed origin in such studies will likely increase both success and reduce losses in genetic diversity.Öğe Growth and physiological response of fraser fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poir.] seedlings to water stress: Seasonal and diurnal variations in photosynthetic pigments and carbohydrate concentration(2012) Kulaç, Şemsettin; Nzokou, Pascal; Güney, Deniz; Cregg, Bert Michael; Turna, İbrahimFour-year-old seedlings of Abies fraseri [(Pursh) Poir] (fraser fir) were grown in semicontrolled conditions in hoop houses with five watering regimes (0.00, 0.62, 1.25, 2.50, and 3.70 cm/week) with the goal of determining the seasonal variation in the physiological response to drought stress. Drought stress was monitored by measuring predawn (?pd) and midday (?md) potentials in a subset of plants from each treatment. Physiological variables monitored were chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm), Chl a, Chl b, total carotenes, and total carbohydrate concentrations. Morphological characteristics including height growth, root collar diameter, and terminal shoot growth were also measured. Predawn stem water potential values were generally higher (-0.8 to -1.9 Mpa) than midday values (-1.3 to -2.9 Mpa). Irrigation consistently increased ?pd and ?md compared with nonirrigated treatments. Photosynthetic pigments (Chl a, Chl b, and carotenes) decreased midseason (14 July) and increased toward the end of the season (25 Aug.) in predawn and midday measurements. There was a significant effect (P < 0.05) of drought stress on photosynthetic pigment concentrations in predawn and midday samples in the late-season measurements (25 Aug.). These results were accompanied with a similar significant difference in Fv/Fm between non-irrigated and irrigated trees. We concluded that significant effects observed on photosynthetic pigment concentrations in some of the treatments did not affect carbohydrate concentrations. Exposure of A. fraseri to water stress did not cause a reduction in supply of metabolic carbohydrates; consequently, the decline and mortality in water-stressed plants can only be the result of hydraulic failure caused by xylem cavitation leading to cessation of water flow in tissues, desiccation, and cellular death. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary conclusions.Öğe Growth and Physiological Response of Fraser Fir [Abies fraseri (Pursh) Poke] Seedlings to Water Stress: Seasonal and Diurnal Variations in Photosynthetic Pigments and Carbohydrate Concentration(Amer Soc Horticultural Science, 2012) Kulaç, Şemsettin; Nzokou, Pascal; Güney, Deniz; Cregg, Bert Michael; Turna, İbrahimFour-year-old seedlings of Abies fraseri [(Pursh) Poir] (fraser fir) were grown in semicontrolled conditions in hoop houses with five watering regimes (0.00, 0.62, 1.25, 2.50, and 3.70 cm/week) with the goal of determining the seasonal variation in the physiological response to drought stress. Drought stress was monitored by measuring predawn (Psi pd) and midday (Psi md) potentials in a subset of plants from each treatment. Physiological variables monitored were chlorophyll fluorescence (F-v/F-m), ChI a, ChI b, total carotenes, and total carbohydrate concentrations. Morphological characteristics including height growth, root collar diameter, and terminal shoot growth were also measured. Predawn stem water potential values were generally higher (-0.8 to 1.9 Mpa) than midday values (-1.3 to 2.9 Mpa). Irrigation consistently increased Psi pd and Psi md compared with non-irrigated treatments. Photosynthetic pigments (ChI a, ChI b, and carotenes) decreased midseason (14 July) and increased toward the end of the season (25 Aug.) in predawn and midday measurements. There was a significant effect (P < 0.05) of drought stress on photosynthetic pigment concentrations in predawn and midday samples in the late-season measurements (25 Aug.). These results were accompanied with a similar significant difference in F-v/F-m between non-irrigated and irrigated trees. We concluded that significant effects observed on photosynthetic pigment concentrations in some of the treatments did not affect carbohydrate concentrations. Exposure of A. fraseri to water stress did not cause a reduction in supply of metabolic carbohydrates; consequently, the decline and mortality in water-stressed plants can only be the result of hydraulic failure caused by xylem cavitation leading to cessation of water flow in tissues, desiccation, and cellular death. Further studies are needed to confirm these preliminary conclusions.Öğe Growth response and nitrogen use physiology of Fraser fir (Abies fraseri), red pine (Pinus resinosa), and hybrid poplar under amino acid nutrition(Springer, 2013) Wilson, Alexa R.; Nzokou, Pascal; Güney, Deniz; Kulaç, ŞemsettinPlants can assimilate amino acids from soils. This has been demonstrated in controlled environments and soils of various forest ecosystems. However, the role of root-absorbed amino acids in plant nitrogen nutrition is still poorly understood. We investigated the agroecological performance and nutrient use physiology of two conifers (Abies fraseri and Pinus resinosa) and one hardwood species (hybrid poplar) under amino acid fertilization. Arginine fertilizer (arGrow(A (R)) Complete) was applied at varying rates (0, 56, 112, 224, and 336 kg N/ha) and compared to an inorganic control treatment (ammonium sulfate 112 kg N/ha). Parameters monitored included tree growth response, foliar nitrogen concentration, and inorganic nitrogen leaching below the rootzone. Results obtained indicate a significant growth and foliar nitrogen response to amino acid treatments, with increasing amino acid application leading to greater growth and foliar nitrogen. However, rates two to three times higher than that of the inorganic control were necessary to provide similar growth and foliar nitrogen responses. These observations were suggested to be due to competition with soil microbes for organic nitrogen, growth inhibition due to the presence of large concentrations of amino acids, or adsorption to cation exchange sites. Amino acid applications did not increase the leaching of inorganic nitrogen due either to the binding of positively charged arginine cations to exchange sites or rapid mineralization followed by plant assimilation. Mineral nitrogen collected in leachate samples increased with the application rate suggesting at least some mineralization in high amino acid application rates. We conclude that growth response and nitrogen use physiology of these species when treated with arginine are largely controlled by soil processes including microbial competition and adsorption. Further studies are being conducted to confirm these hypotheses.Öğe Study on Cone Formation Stage of Caucasian Fir (Abies nordmanniana ssp. nordmanniana)(2012) Güney, Deniz; Kulaç, Şemsettin; Turna, İbrahimDetermination of the good seed year is important to obtain high quality and quantity seeds from stands. Also, pollination and fertilization need to be done without problems. Tree quality, health and good seed bearing capacity is related to climatic factors during flowering and seeding stage and related to site conditions. Healthy, high quality and enough number of seeds are required in order to have a successful natural regeneration. Observing the morphological characteristics of trees in the stand or as single trees is the fastest, easiest and cheapest way to characterize their health status. In this study, a tree species, Caucasian fir, from the Karadeniz Technical University campus was observed. Phenological changes of the male and female flowers will be observed periodically and photos of these changes will be provided. During the early months observations will be weekly but on later periods observations will be bi-weekly. Caucasian firs pollination, fertilization, cone formation, cone growth and seed fall will be determined based on observations and the study results.Öğe Variations within and among populations depending on some leaf characteristics of oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky)(2016) Güney, Deniz; Turna, Hülya; Turna, İbrahim; Kulaç, Şemsettin; Atar, Fahrettin; Filiz, ErtuğrulIslah (tree breeding) programlarının başlangıcında tür içi genetik çeşitlilik (varyasyon) araştırmaları üzerinde durulmaktadır. Genetik çeşitlilik araştırmaları sayesinde, çeşitliliğin populasyonlar arası ve populasyon içi ağaçlar arası kapsamı, bunun rakım, denizden uzaklık, yağış gibi değişkenlere göre nasıl değişim gösterdiği ortaya konulmaktadır. Doğu Kayını ülkemiz ormancılığında önemli bir ağaç türüdür. Bu çalışmada, 11 farklı doğu kayını popülasyonundan (Sinop-Merkez, Sinop-Ayancık, Samsun-Kunduz, Samsun-Karapınar, Karabük-Yenice, DüzceÇiçekli, Trabzon-Maçka, Trabzon-Çaykara, Giresun-Kulakkaya, Ordu-Akkuş ve Kahramanmaraş-Andırın) toplanan tohumlardan yetiştirilen 20 yaşındaki fidanlarda yaprak eni, yaprak boyu, yaprak alanı, yaprak damar açısı ve yaprak nemi bakımından meydana gelen varyasyonları belirlemek amaçlanmıştır. Bu ölçümler tüm populasyonlara ait fidanlarda yapılarak, bu özelliklere bağlı, populasyonlar arası varyasyonlar ortaya konulmuştur. Ayrıca, 6 populasyonda, her populasyondan 10 ağaç, her ağaçtan 10 fidan ve her fidandan 10 yaprakta olmak üzere toplam 6000 yaprak kullanılarak ağaç bazında ölçümler yapılmış ve bu özelliklere bağlı olarak populasyon içi farklılıklar belirlenmiştir. Yaprak eni, yaprak boyu, yaprak alanı ve yaprak damar açısına ilişkin olarak gerçekleştirilen varyans analizi sonucunda bu karakterlerin hepsi için populasyonlar arasında istatistiksel olarak farklılıklar olduğu belirlenmiştir. Yaprak nemine ait varyans analizi sonucunda ise önem düzeyi 0.05'ten büyük çıkmıştır. Bu sonuca göre çalışılan 11 populasyonun, yaprak nemine bağlı olarak homojen bir yapı gösterdikleri belirlenmiştir. 6 populasyonun her birinin kendi içerisinde ise yaprak nemi dışındaki tüm karakterlerin farklılık gösterdiği belirlenmiştir. Yaprak nemi bakımından populasyonlar homojen bir yapı gösterse de, populasyonlar içerisindeki ağaçlar ise bu karakter bakımından varyasyonlar gösterdiği anlaşılmıştır. Hiyerarşik kümeleme analizi sonucu oluşan gruplandırmaya göre; ölçülen tüm yaprak karakterleri bakımından Sinop-Merkez, Sinop-Ayancık ve Karabük-Yenice populasyonları aynı grup içerisinde yer almış olup diğer populasyonlar ise diğer grubu meydana getirmiştir
