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    Early growth performances of various seed sources of black (Prunus serotina Erhr.) and wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) seedlings on low and high elevation sites in the western Black Sea Region of Turkey
    (Academic Journals, 2011) Esen, Derya; Yıldız, Oktay; Kulaç, Şemsettin; Çiçek, Emrah; Çetintaş, Cengiz; Çetin, Bilal; Kutsal, Çiğdem
    The growth performances of one-year old seedlings of various black cherry (BC) and wild cherry (WC) seed sources (SSs) that were planted on low elevation sites (LES) and high elevation sites (HES) in the western Black Sea Region (BSR) of Turkey were assessed one and five years after planting (YAP). Significance between and within-species variations were found for seedling growth. On species basis, WC was superior to BC for seedling groundline diameter and height growth for the low elevation sites (LES) of one and five years after planting (YAP), whereas no substantial survival and growth differences were found between the species for the high elevation sites (HES) of five YAP. Generally, seedlings averaged a greater survival on the LES, when compared with those on the HES. Local WC SSs (Tefen, Yayla and Dirgine) demonstrated an enhanced seedling survival and growth on LES than the other SSs. Unlike the LES results, a collection of BC (Michigan 1 and Ukraine) and WC SSs (Dirgine, Germany, and Tefen) displayed the best seedling growth over five years. The HES seedlings frequently experienced diebacks and forking due to heavy snow fall and wildlife browsing. Selection of the local WC SSs was vital for the LES. However, BC SSs may present a potential for planting on the HES with harsher environmental conditions.
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    Effect of InvasiveRhododendron ponticumL. on Natural Regeneration and Structure ofFagus orientalisLipsky Forests in the Black Sea Region
    (Mdpi, 2020) Vacek, Zdenek; Vacek, Stanislav; Esen, Derya; Yildiz, Oktay; Kral, Jan; Gallo, Josef
    Biological invasions threaten global biodiversity and forest ecosystems; therefore, it is necessary to use appropriate strategies for combating the spread of invasive species. Natural regeneration of eastern beech (Fagus orientalisLipsky) is considerably limited by an aggressive invasive shrub, pontic rhododendron (Rhododendron ponticumL.), in the Black Sea Region of Turkey. Therefore, the future character of the region's forests is uncertain. The aim of this research was to evaluate the structure of beech forests with different management regimes of rhododedron and to determine the interaction among tree layer, rhododendron cover, and natural regeneration in Duzce Province using the FieldMap technology. The following variants of forests were compared: without intervention (control) and three and six years after rhododendron clearance. The results showed that tree density ranged between 175-381 trees ha(-1)and stand volume between 331-589 m(3)ha(-1). The horizontal structure of the tree layer was mostly random, and the spatial pattern of natural regeneration was aggregated. Recruit density and height in the beech stands were significantly differentiated due to the influence of presence or absence of invasive rhododendron. Rhododendron cover ranged between 81%-97%, and woody stems amounted to 72,178-86,884 ha(-1)in unmanaged forests. Canopy in the overstory did not have a significant effect on the density of regeneration and rhododendron cover. Tree layer had a significant negative influence on natural regeneration within a 4 m radius on the plots without rhododendron. However, on the plots with dense rhododendron cover, tree layer had a positive influence on regeneration within a 1.5 m radius. Natural regeneration density was significantly higher when rhododendron was cleared than the plots without intervention. On the plots without woody clearance, there was an insufficient regeneration (113-619 recruits ha(-1)); however, they had higher mean height compared to the sites without rhododendron. After three and six years of rhododendron clearance, the numbers of recruits in natural regeneration were 63,981 ha(-1)and 105,075 ha(-1), respectively. In conclusion, invasive spread of rhododendron was a limiting factor of the prosperous regeneration and tree species diversity, and manual clearance of rhododendron is recommended in managed beech forests of the study region.
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    EFFECTS OF CITRIC ACID PRESOAKING AND STRATIFICATION ON GERMINATION BEHAVIOR OF PRUNUS AVIUM L. SEED
    (Pakistan Botanical Soc, 2009) Esen, Derya; Güneş, Neval; Yıldız, Oktay
    Wild cherry ( Prunus avium L.) is a fast-growing broadleaved tree of Turkey with great ecological and economic values. Deep and variable dormancy inhibits germination of PA seed. Presoaking seed with a 0.1% citric-acid ( CA) enhances pretreatment efficacy for some tree species. Long, constant high temperatures during stratification and germination tests induce secondary seed dormancy in European PA seed sources. This study assesses the effects of 0.1% CA or deionized water (DW) soaking in combination with various pretreatments on the germination of PA seeds from northern Turkey, using alternating temperatures during germination tests. Following presoaking, seeds were put through eight different pretreatments, including complex cold or warm + cold periods ranging from 60 to 135 days. Cumulative germination percentages and the course of germination were determined at the end of the trial. Presoaking seeds in DW for two days increased germination more than presoaking in 0.1% CA solution. Pretreatments affected seed germination significantly differently, whether they were presoaked in CA or DW. For both presoaking treatments, a 15-day warm period followed by a four-month cold period, and then recurrent warm + cold periods followed by a three-month cold period, were the best pretreatments. Germination course results conformed to the cumulative germination results. In conclusion, presoaking seeds in water for two days followed by recurrent warm + cold periods with long cold periods lasting at least four months in total are recommended for adequate germination of Prunus avium. Variable and delayed germination may offer PA an ecological adaptation, improving survival in a wide array of environments.
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    Effects of cultural treatments, seedling type and morphological characteristics on survival and growth of wild cherry seedlings in Turkey
    (Sisef-Soc Italiana Selvicoltura Ecol Forestale, 2012) Esen, Derya; Yıldız, Oktay; Esen, Ulvi; Edis, Semih; Çetintaş, Cengiz
    Wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) is receiving increasing attention from foresters in Europe and Turkey for its fast growth, highly-valued wood and benefits for wildlife and biodiversity. Little documentation may be found concerning the selection of appropriate cultural treatments and the quality and types of seedlings used for wild cherry plantations. This study reports the effects of various combinations of intensive cultural treatments (including weed control, soil tillage, and fertilization) and seedling types on early growth, survival, and nutrition of one-year-old wild cherry seedlings out-planted on four different sites in the western Black Sea Region of Turkey. After two years, early seedling survival and growth were clearly enhanced for potted seedlings. For bare-root seedlings, initial seedling root-collar diameter and height successfully correlated with survival two years after planting. Seedlings with a root-collar diameter of 6-8 mm and height of 60-70 cm demonstrated the best survival rates in the field. The wild cherry seedlings were shown to be highly sensitive to herbaceous weed competition early in their establishment, warranting effective weed control. When used in addition to weed control, neither intensive fertilization nor soil tillage treatments significantly increased seedling survival and growth two years after planting. Therefore, intensive site preparation, as well as fertilization, are not recommended at this stage for planting sites without severe nutrient deficiencies.
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    PHYTOTOXICITY OF CLOPYRALID AT HIGH RATES ON SEED GERMINATION OF MEDITERRANEAN PINES
    (Croatian Forestry Soc, 2022) Bakan, Oğuzhan; Esen, Derya; Çetin, Bilal
    Black pine (Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold), maritime pine (P. pinaster Aiton), Scots pine (P. sylvestris L.), and Turkish red pine (TRP, P. brutia Ten.) are ecologically and economically important conifers of the Mediterranean Basin, and in particular for Turkish forestry. They are commonly used for the regeneration and restoration of degraded ecosystems in Turkey. Weeds compete with tree seedlings for vital site elements such as soil moisture and nutrients and solar radiation, substantially reducing tree establishment and growth. herbicides can offer the practitioner efficient and cost-effective weed control compared to other methods. Rapid herbicide seed screening allows testing of crop-safe herbicides and application rates at much lower costs in a very short time-frame when compared to lengthy field trials. Clopyralid is a systemic herbicide used to rid pine seedlings of competing vegetation. The present study examined the effect of clopyralid phytotoxicity on these pine species using a rapid herbicide seed screening test in order to compare different application rates on seed germination and to identify crop-safe rates. Clopyralid was not phytotoxic to any of the pine species at low rates (i.e., <2%, v:v); however, pine sensitivity to the herbicide increased with increasing rates, especially for rates higher than 3%. Moreover, at high rates, clopyralid reduced the germination speed. This herbicide can he used at low rates for degraded areas and nursery sites in which sowing is used as the main regeneration or restoration method. Field confirmation of the obtained results is also recommended.