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    Lignite-derived graphite synthesis for the removal of nonylphenol ethoxylate
    (Desalination Publ, 2023) Elibol, Pinar Sevim; Erdogan, Hakki
    This research was centred on the synthesis and characterization of lignite-derived graphite (LDG) as an alternative adsorption material for eliminating nonylphenol ethoxylate (NPE) from aqueous solutions. The characterization of LDG revealed distinctive morphological traits, consisting of tubu-lar structures and densely packed layers. These structural attributes augment adsorption capacity when compared to traditional materials by increasing surface area and establishing intricate path-ways that facilitate NPE transport. To achieve this goal, the impacts of variables such as pH, con-tact time, initial concentration, and temperature on NPE removal via LDG were investigated. The study indicated that NPE adsorption onto LDG occurs rapidly, with equilibrium attained within a mere 5 min. Moreover, it was determined that LDG effectively operates across a broad pH range. The acquired data were elucidated using the pseudo-second-order kinetic model, providing the most accurate representation of the adsorption process. Furthermore, the Dubinin-Radushkevich iso-therm analysis indicated the prevalence of a physical mechanism in the NPE adsorption onto LDG. Throughout the study, characterization of the synthesized LDG was carried out through X-ray dif-fraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller analysis. In conclusion, this study underscores the synergy between LDG's distinctive physical and chemical properties, posi-tioning it as a promising material for efficiently extracting NPE from contaminated water sources.