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Öğe An Analysis of Relationship between Health Expenditures and Life Expectancy: The Case of Turkey and Turkic Republics(Ahmet Yesevi Univ, 2019) Gedikli, Ayfer; Erdoğan, Seyfettin; Kırca, Mustafa; Demir, İdrisAs one of the fundamental health outputs in the health economics literature, the improvement of life expectancy is one of the variables that positively affect economic growth. Many papers, investigating the relationship between health expenditure and life expectancy indicated that life expectancy has a positive effect on health expenditures. This study aims to investigate the relationship between life expectancy and health expenditures for the period of 2000-2015 in Turkey, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. Panel data approach was used for the study. The results of panel cointegration analysis indicate that there is a significant bidirectional long-term relationship between the two variables.Öğe Does military expenditure impact environmental sustainability in developed Mediterranean countries?(Springer Heidelberg, 2022) Erdoğan, Seyfettin; Gedikli, Ayfer; Çevik, Emrah İsmail; Öncü Mehmet AkifThis study aims to examine the relationship between military expenditure and environmental sustainability in developed Mediterranean countries: Greece, France, Italy, and Spain. Sustainable economic growth is strictly related to energy consumption which leads to producing a higher level of carbon emissions. Besides, there may be a nexus between military expenditures and environmental pollution. This study focuses on developed Mediterranean countries since carbon emissions and greenhouse gas emissions are relatively high in these countries. Furthermore, France and Italy are the top countries in terms of total military spending. We investigate the relationship between military expenditure and carbon emissions using the Global Vector Autoregression model proposed by Pesaran et al. (J Bus Econ Stat 22 129:162, Pesaran et al., J Bus Econ Stat 22:129-162, 2004) and Dees et al. (J Appl Econ 22(1):38, Dees et al., J Appl Econ 22:1-38, 2007) between 1965 and 2019. The empirical findings indicated that the relationship between carbon emission and military expenditure should be taken into account from a global perspective for environmental sustainability, and an increase in the global military expenditure seems to be very harmful to the global environment. It can be concluded that country-based prevention cannot provide the desired solution in combating environmental pollution.Öğe Dynamic relationship between international tourism, economic growth and environmental pollution in the OECD countries: evidence from panel VAR model(Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Gedikli, Ayfer; Erdoğan, Seyfettin; Çevik, Emrah İsmail; Çevik, Emre; Castanho, Rui Alexandre; Couto, GualterThe aim of this study is to examine the impact of international tourism on economic growth and carbon emissions by using the Panel VAR model in selected OECD countries. By using yearly data for the periods of 1995 and 2020, we examine the dynamic relationship between international tourism, economic growth, and carbon emissions using the Granger causality test and impulse responses analysis. Although we could not determine the presence of a causal link between the variables using the Granger causality test, impulse responses analysis confirmed that responses of carbon emissions and economic growth to an unexpected international tourism shock are positive and significant. On the other hand, impulse responses analysis results show that responses of carbon emissions and economic growth to unexpected international tourism are positive and significant. The empirical findings also indicated that the responses of carbon emissions to an unexpected international tourism shock are higher than the responses of economic growth to an unexpected international tourism shock and these findings indicate that the negative impact of international tourism on environmental quality is greater than its positive impact on economic growth. Policymakers should take actions and measures to reduce the impact of international tourism on environmental deterioration. Improvements and dissemination of eco-friendly technologies in all tourism activities may help to reduce the negative impact of international tourism on carbon emissions.Öğe Dynamics and Determinants of Inflation During the COVID-19 Pandemic Period in European Countries: A Spatial Panel Data Analysis(2020) Gedikli, Ayfer; Yıldırım, Durmuş Çağrı; Erdoğan, SeyfettinAim: The recent macroeconomic problems in the global economy are highly related to thecoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Since the highest spread of the disease isobserved in the European countries, it is worthwhile to investigate the macroeconomicindicators in the European Union (EU) member and the candidate countries. Inflation is one ofthe most important indicators to examine since it may directly affect many macroeconomicvariables. In this study, the determinants of inflation in the 28 EU members and candidatestates are investigated.Material and Methods: In this study, the determinants of inflation in the 28 EU members andcandidate states are investigated for January 2020-July 2020 using spatial panel data analysis.Results: The empirical results indicated that the exchange rate and money supply ratios werereasons of the increase in inflation. There is also increasing pressure on the inflation rates dueto the domestic money supply and exchange rate variables as well as the neighborhoodrelations between countries (positive spatial effects).Conclusion: It is an important finding that macroeconomic problems in each sample countryare also affected by developments in neighboring countries as well as internal dynamics.Continuous development of economic, social, and political cooperation between neighboringcountries at the regional level is essential. It is reasonable for every country to develop selfsufficient strategies in the fields of agriculture, food, technology, and pharmaceutical industriesin case of global disasters. Regional cooperation should not be limited to the development ofsectors that stand out during the pandemic period.Öğe Eco-friendly technologies, international tourism and carbon emissions: Evidence from the most visited countries(Elsevier Science Inc, 2022) Erdoğan, Seyfettin; Gedikli, Ayfer; Çevik, Emrah İsmail; Erdogan, FatmaThe paper aims to examine the effects of international tourism on carbon emissions in the most visited countries using panel quantile regression for the periods 1995-2018. Since the primary source of carbon emissions from international tourism is transportation, we examine the moderating effect of eco-friendly innovations on the transportation sector for the relationship between international tourism and carbon emissions. Empirical results show that while international tourism led to an increase in carbon emissions between the fifth and ninth quantiles of carbon emissions, eco-friendly innovations for the transportation sector play an essential role in the effect of international tourism on carbon emissions. We find that the impact of improvements in eco-friendly technologies for transportation is significant on carbon emissions at all quantiles and that it eliminates the harmful effect of international tourism on environmental quality. These results are important for policy-makers to reduce carbon emissions from tourism because these countries have committed to reducing their carbon emissions according to the Paris Accord and the Sustainable Development Goals.Öğe The Global Economic Hibernation: Macroeconomic Indicators and Health Management Policies(2021) Çakar, Nigar Demircan; Gedikli, Ayfer; Erdoğan, SeyfettinConsidering its dire effects on different sectors, the coronavirus is far more than a healthproblem. The pandemic has hit the global economy starting with the developed world and nowspreading into emerging economies. It is a fact that developing countries are moredisadvantageous in this process since not only their health conditions and health services arenot so sophisticated as their developed counterparts, but also macroeconomic conditions arenot strong enough to endure such a long-lasting socio-economic crisis. Those countries arepoorer and it is hard for them to allocate sources to the health sector. Comparing with emergingeconomies, the developed world also has been suffering from the severe effects of thepandemic. Because of long-lasting lock-down and contractions in the global economy, alldeveloped economies revealed negative economic growth rates for the proceeding years. Thepurpose of this article is not only to compare the macroeconomic effects of the coronavirusdisease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic on developed and developing countries but also to assisteconomy authorities, health care leaders, and their organizations in anticipating andpreempting problems by providing alternative health management policies rather than reacting.Macroeconomic variables data that are released by the World Bank and IMF will be appliedto make the comparisons.Öğe Is There a Relationship between CO2 Emissions and Health Expenditures? Evidence from BRICS-T Countries(2020) Erdoğan, Seyfettin; Kırca, Mustafa; Gedikli, AyferOne of the most important indicators of deterioration in environmental quality is the increase in carbon dioxide emissions. Increasing carbon dioxide emissions negatively affect the health of individuals and lead to the emergence of a number of chronic diseases. The most significant cost of chronic diseases which reduces employee productivity is the impact on health expenditures. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions and health expenditures for BRICS-T countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa, and Turkey) over the period 2000-2016. The panel causality test developed by Kónya (2006) was used as the method. Based on the empirical results, it was found that there is a unidirectional positive causal relationship running from carbon dioxide emissions to health expenditures in China. In the other selected countries, no such relationship has been identified.Öğe A note on time-varying causality between natural gas consumption and economic growth in Turkey(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2019) Erdoğan, Seyfettin; Gedikli, Ayfer; Kırca, MustafaThis study aims to analyze the relationship between economic growth and natural gas consumption for the years of 1983-2017 in Turkey. The existence of causality relationship for the whole analysis period is examined using the causality test developed by Hacker and Hatemi-J (2006). The empirical results indicated no causal relationship between the variables for the whole period of 1983-2017. However, time-varying causality analysis carried out for the sub-periods indicated that unidirectional causal relationship running from natural gas consumption to economic growth for the periods of 1996-2010, 1997-2011 and 2001-2015 period, and from economic growth to natural gas consumption for 2000-2014 time period.Öğe Precious metals as safe-haven for clean energy stock investment: Evidence from nonparametric Granger causality in distribution test(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Erdoğan, Seyfettin; Gedikli, Ayfer; Çevik, Emrah İsmail; Erdogan, Fatma; Çevik, EmreThe study aims to examine the connectedness between clean energy stocks and precious metals prices under the different market episodes. We employ the Granger causality-in-the distribution test proposed by Candelon and Tokpavi (2016) to investigate the presence of a causality relationship between the variables for the whole dis-tribution because the test has superior power even if the sample size is small. WilderHill Clean Energy Index is considered a benchmark for the clean energy stock market and gold, silver, platinum, and palladium prices are used for the precious metals. By using daily data from January 1, 2001, to December 12, 2021, we find that there is a unidirectional causal link running from the clean energy stock returns to the precious metal prices in the center and the left tail of the distribution. On the other hand, there is strong feedback between the variables in the right tail of the distribution. These results show that clean energy stock prices have an edge in affecting precious metal prices and precious metals cannot be used to hedge the downside risk of clean energy stock investments.
