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    Comparison of pathogenic potential of Bursaphelenchus species on conifer seedlings between greenhouse and outdoor conditions
    (Springer, 2015) Akbulut, Süleyman; Yüksel, Beşir; Serin, Metin; Erdem, Mahir
    Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a serious threat to the European conifer forests. In Turkey, four Bursaphelenchus species (B. mucronatus, B. sexdentati, B. anamurius and B. vallesianus) were isolated from wilted pine trees. To determine the effects of Bursaphelenchus species on the wilting of pine trees, a pathogenicity study was conducted comparing greenhouse and outdoor conditions. Three-year-old seedlings of Pinus nigra, P. sylvestris and P. pinaster were used for inoculation tests. Approximately 1000 (+/- 100) nematodes of all life stages in 0.5 ml distilled water were inoculated into each seedling. The first wilting symptoms were observed in the fifth week. Mortalities occurred between the 5th and 13th weeks of the study. B. mucronatus was the most pathogenic nematode species. The most susceptible seedling species was P. pinaster, and P. nigra was the most resistant species. The mean number of wilted seedlings differed significantly among nematode species and seedling species but not between greenhouse and outdoor conditions.
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    Dreyfusia nordmannianae in Northern and Central Europe: Potential for biological control and comments on its taxonomy
    (2013) Ravn, Hans Peter; Havill, Nathan P.; Akbulut, Süleyman; Foottit, Robert G.; Serin, Metin; Erdem, Mahir; Kenis, Marc
    The silver fir woolly adelgid, Dreyfusia nordmannianae, is the most severe pest occurring on Abies nordmanniana in Central and Northern Europe. The adelgid is particularly damaging to trees in Christmas tree plantations. Dreyfusia nordmannianae is native to the Caucasus region and alien to Europe, where its natural enemy complex is less diverse compared to its area of origin. Mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequence data from the samples of D. nordmannianae collected in its native range and Europe and from the samples of Dreyfusia piceae and Dreyfusia prelli collected in Europe and North America were examined for phylogenetic structure. There was no evidence of differentiation, suggesting that these Dreyfusia species have recently diverged or require taxonomic revision. All existing published and unpublished reports on natural enemies of D. nordmannianae in its place of origin were reviewed, with the purpose of selecting agents for classical biological control in Europe. The literature review suggested that the most promising agent was the Chamaemyiidae fly, Leucopis hennigrata. A new survey in D. nordmannianae's area of origin - Turkey, Georgia and Russia - showed that L. hennigrata was present in all localities. It was particularly abundant in Turkey, where its impact on populations of D. nordmannianae appears to be high. Its use as a biological control agent is discussed, as well as other biological control strategies. © 2012 Blackwell Verlag, GmbH.
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    Pathogenicity of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus in pine seedlings under greenhouse conditions
    (Tubitak Scientific & Technical Research Council Turkey, 2007) Akbulut, Süleyman; Yüksel, Beşir; Serin, Metin; Baysal, İsmail; Erdem, Mahir
    Bursaphelenchus mucronatus, a species closely related to the pinewood nematode (Bur5aphelenchus xylophilus, a quarantine pest), was isolated from several wilted pine trees in different provinces of Turkey. To understand the role of B. mucronatus in these wilting cases, the pathogenicity of B. mucronatus on 3-year-old seedlings of the 3 pine species most widespread in Turkey was investigated under greenhouse conditions. In all, 30 seedlings of each tree species were used for nematode inoculation. For inoculation, 1000-1100 nematodes in 0.5 ml of distilled water were used per seedling. An additional 20 seedlings of each tree species were inoculated with an equal amount of distilled water and served as controls. The first complete wilting case was observed in the fifth week of the experiment. The highest rate of mortality occurred in Pinus sylvestris seedlings (83%), followed by P. nigra (47%). Only 2 seedlings of P. brutia wilted (7%). These results suggested that B. mucronatus was highly virulent to P. sylvestris seedlings.