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Öğe Adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference approach for prediction the stiffness modulus on asphalt concrete(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2012) Özgan, Ercan; Korkmaz, İbrahim; Emiroğlu, MehmetIn this study, stiffness modulus parameters of asphalt concrete were determined experimentally for different temperature and exposure times. The stiffness modules were calculated according to Nijboer stiffness module. Basic physical properties and the quantity of bitumen of asphalt core samples were designated for determining the stiffness modules. The samples were exposed to 17 degrees C (reference temperature), 30, 40 and 50 degrees C temperatures for 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 h respectively and then Marhall Stability tests were done for each samples. By using the test results a prediction model with Sugeno type based on the adaptive neuron-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) was alternatively developed to predict the stiffness modules of asphalt core samples. As a result, it was seen that the developed prediction model could be used as a prediction model for unperformed situations which are not suitable for experiments. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Analyzing the compressive strength of clinker mortars using approximate reasoning approaches - ANN vs MLR(Techno-Press, 2015) Beycioğlu, Ahmet; Emiroğlu, Mehmet; Koçak, Yılmaz; Subaşı, SerkanIn this paper, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) models were discussed to determine the compressive strength of clinker mortars cured for 1, 2, 7 and 28 days. In the experimental stage, 1288 mortar samples were produced from 322 different clinker specimens and compressive strength tests were performed on these samples. Chemical properties of the clinker samples were also determined. In the modeling stage, these experimental results were used to construct the models. In the models tricalcium silicate (C3S), dicalcium silicate (C2S), tricalcium aluminate (C(3)A), tetracalcium alumina ferrite (C(4)AF), blaine values, specific gravity and age of samples were used as inputs and the compressive strength of clinker samples was used as output. The approximate reasoning ability of the models compared using some statistical parameters. As a result, ANN has shown satisfying relation with experimental results and suggests an alternative approach to evaluate compressive strength estimation of clinker mortars using related inputs. Furthermore MLR model showed a poor ability to predict.Öğe ANFIS and statistical based approach to prediction the peak pressure load of concrete pipes including glass fiber(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2012) Emiroğlu, Mehmet; Beycioğlu, Ahmet; Yıldız, ServetIn this paper, Adaptive Neural Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) models are discussed to determine peak pressure load measurements of the 0, 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% glass fibers (by weight) reinforced concrete pipes having 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 mm diameters. For comparing the ANFIS, MLR and experimental results, determination coefficient (R-2), root mean square error (RMSE) and standard error of estimates (SEE) statistics were used as evaluation criteria. It is concluded that ANFIS and MLR are practical methods for predicting the peak pressure load (PPL) values of the concrete pipes containing glass fibers and PPL values can be predicted using ANFIS and MLR without attempting any experiments in a quite short period of time with tiny error rates. Furthermore ANFIS model has the predicting potential better than MLR. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe APRICOT PIP SHELLS USED AS AGGREGATE REPLACEMENT(Vilnius Gediminas Tech Univ, 2012) Yıldız, Servet; Emiroğlu, Mehmet; Atalar, OnurTo improve the undesired characteristics of concrete, for example high CO2 emission and loss of strata from quarrying of raw materials, environmentally hazardous solid waste could be utilized as cement, sand and/or aggregate replacement. Apricot Pip Shells (APSs) are an environmental problem mainly in the region where apricots are cultivated. The shells are burnt as a fuel by local people in this region. An alternative use for this waste material would be for aggregate replacement in concrete as reported in this paper. In this study, limestone aggregate were substituted by different percentage of APS in the prepared concrete mixes. Unit weight, compressive and tensile strength tests were conducted on the specimens. A decrease was observed in the strength development of the concrete containing APS. This may have resulted from the weak adherence between APSs and cement paste in the interfacial transition zone. However, the unit weight of the concrete decreased for higher APS content in the mix.Öğe Beton Mekanik Özelliklerinin Taze Beton Özelliklerinden Yararlanılarak Yapay Sinir Ağları İle Tahmini(2009) Subaşı, Serkan; Beycioğlu, Ahmet; Emiroğlu, MehmetBu araştırmada, taze beton özelliklerinden yararlanılarak beton basınç ve yarmada çekme dayanımı değerlerini yapay sinir ağları (YSA) kullanılarak tahmin edebilecek bir model geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda farklı karışım oranlarına sahip betonlar hazırlanmıştır. Hazırlanan taze beton karışımları üzerinde çökme, birim ağırlık ve hava miktarı tayini deneyleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca her bir karışımdan alınan 15x15x15 cm boyutlarındaki küp numuneler üzerinde 28. günde basınç ve yarmada çekme dayanımı deneyleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Oluşturulan yapay sinir ağında beton karışımlarına ait su/çimento oranı, çökme miktarı, taze beton birim ağırlığı ve hava miktarı girdi parametresi, basınç ve yarmada çekme dayanımı değerleri ise çıktı parametresi olarak kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak geliştirilen YSA modeli ile deneysel olarak elde edilen veriler karşılaştırılmış ve sonuçların birbiriyle uyumlu olduğu görülmüştür.Öğe Betonun Dinamik Elastisite Modülü Değerleri Üzerinde Soğuk Derz Etkisinin Araştırılması(2019) Çomak, Bekir; Ölmez, Özkan; Emiroğlu, MehmetTahribatsız test metotları, yapıların yerinde (inşaat sahasında) ve taşıyıcı elemanlara hasar vermeksizinmuayenesine olanak tanımaktadır. Betonun durabilite performansı ve dinamik yükler altındaki davranışıhakkında bilgi veren dinamik elastisite modülü değeri, tahribatsız yöntemler ile hızlı bir biçimde tespitedilebilmektedir. Beton üretimi esnasında sahada sıkça rastlanılan sorunlardan biri de soğuk derz olayıdır. Buçalışmada, farklı döküm zamanları kullanılarak yapay olarak oluşturulmuş soğuk derze sahip numunelerindinamik elastisite modüllerindeki değişim tahribatsız yöntemler kullanılarak ele alınmıştır. Bu kapsamdaReferans (serbest döküm), 30o, 45ove 90oderz yüzeyine sahip kiriş numuneler üzerinde farklı döküm sürelerinde(-30, 0, +30, +120, +240, +480, +1140. dakikalarda) numuneler üretilmiştir. Üretimi yapılan kiriş numunelerüzerinde 28 gün kür süresi ardından rezonans frekansı test metodu kullanılarak dinamik elastisite modülüdeğerleri hesaplanmıştır.Öğe Bond behavior of lightweight concretes containing coated pumice aggregate: hinged beam approach(Techno-Press, 2015) Beycioğlu, Ahmet; Arslan, Mehmet Emin; Bideci, Özlem Sallı; Bideci, Alper; Emiroğlu, MehmetThis paper presents an experimental study for determining the bond performance of lightweight concretes produced using pumice aggregate coated with colemanite-cement paste. For this purpose, eight hinged beam specimens were produced with four different concrete mixtures. 14 mm deformed bars with 10 Phi development lengths were selected constant for all test specimens. All the specimens were tested in bending and load-slip values were measured experimentally to determine the effect of colemanite-cement coated pumice aggregate on bond performances of lightweight concretes. Test results showed that, colemanite-cement coated pumice aggregate increases compressive strength and bond performance of the lightweight concretes, considerably.Öğe Characterization of cement-based spacers for high performance concretes(Elsevier, 2022) Çomak, Bekir; Aykanat, Batuhan; Aydın, Sait; Emiroğlu, MehmetDue to the increasing trend towards high-performance concretes in recent years, cement-based spacers are becoming increasingly important instead of plastic-made ones in buildings. Cement-based concrete spacers with high resistance and durability have been produced, and their performance has been assessed in this study. Fly ash and blast furnace slag have been preferred as aggregate in this study due to their positive contributions to mechanical characteristics and to provide an environmental-friendly production. Seven different mixtures, including the reference mixture, were prepared. Flow diameter and density tests were applied on the freshly prepared mixtures, while unit weight, porosity, compressive strength, and loading tests were performed on the hardened samples. In conclusion, produced concrete spacers have met the requirements of standards, and the best performance in terms of compressive strength has been obtained by using a binary combination of fly ash and blast furnace slag.Öğe Çimento Hamuruyla Kaplanmış Pomza Agregalarının Su Emme ve Darbe Dayanımı Performanslarının İncelenmesi(2023) Özgüler, Alper Tunga; Göncüoğlu, Turgay; Emiroğlu, MehmetÜlkemizde yüksek rezerve sahip olan pomza agregası hafif beton üretiminde kullanılmakta fakat düşük mekanik özelliklerinden dolayı taşıyıcı hafif beton olarak pek tercih edilmemektedir. Mekanik özellikleri düşük olan pomza agregaları yüzeylerinde kaplama yapılarak mekanik özellikleri iyileştirilebilmektedir. Bu sayede kaplanmış pomza agregaları taşıyıcı hafif beton üretiminde kullanılması sağlanabilmektedir. Yapılan bu çalışmada, Kayseri ve Ahlat pomza agregalarının çimento hamuru ile kaplanma potansiyelleri araştırılmıştır. Kaplamada kullanılan 0.55-0.50 su/bağlayıcı oranına sahip katkısız ve 0.35-0.30 su/bağlayıcı ile %1.5 oranında akışkanlaştırıcı katkı karışımına sahip çimento hamurlarının taze haldeki yayılma çapları, marsh hunisi akış süreleri ve sonrasında 28 günlük eğilme ve basınç dayanımları tespit edilmiştir. Üretilen numuneler üzerinde, optik mikroskop yardımıyla kaplama etkinlikleri araştırılmış, 28 günlük kür sonunda agrega darbe dayanımı değerleri, su emme oranları, birim hacim ağırlıkları tespit edilmiş ve kaplanmamış agregalarla karşılaştırmaları yapılmıştır. Kaplama sonrası Ahlat ve Kayseri pomza agregalarına darbe dayanımı sonucuna göre sırasıyla %11 ve %18 civarında daha az ufalandığı ve su emme oranlarında ise sırasıyla %50.49 ve %78.32 oranında azalma görüldüğü belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, kaplanmış pomza agregalarının su emme oranlarında azalmalar meydana gelmiş ve darbe direnci değerlerinde ise kaplanmamış pomzalara göre artış göstermiştir.Öğe Donma/Çözülme ve Sıcaklığın BFRP Kompozitlerle Güçlendirilmiş Betonların Davranışlarına Etkisi(2022) Yaman, Zeynep; Öztürk, İrfan Şehrullah; Emiroğlu, MehmetBu çalışma kapsamında C16 ve C25 beton dayanım sınıflarında üretilmiş olan 100x200 mm ebatlarındaki silindir numuneler bazalt elyaf takviyeli polimerlerle yanal olarak güçlendirilmiş ve bu güçlendirilen numunelerin donma/çözülme ve sıcaklık etkisi altındaki davranışları incelenmiştir. Sıcaklık etkisinin inceleneceği silindir beton numuneler 25 °C, 60 °C, 100 °C ve 150 °C sıcaklıklara 12 saat süresince maruz bırakılmış ve daha sonra basınç dayanımları, bağıl kütleleri, rezonans frekansları ve dinamik elastisite modülleri üzerindeki değişimler referans numuneler ile karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Donma/çözülme etkisinin inceleneceği silindir beton numuneler ise 30, 60, 90 ve 120 çevrim donma/çözülme işlemine maruz bırakılmış ve numunelerin rezonans frekansları, dinamik elastisite modülleri, ultrases geçiş hızları ve basınç dayanımları üzerindeki değişimler referans numuneler ile karşılaştırmalı olarak incelenmiştir. Sonuç olarak yanal güçlendirme uygulanmış her iki dayanım sınıfındaki numunelerin basınç dayanımlarında güçlendirme uygulanmamış numuneye oranla artış görülmüştür. Yanal güçlendirme uygulanmış numunelerin hem donma/çözülme çevrim sayısı arttıkça hem de maruz kaldıkları sıcaklık derecesi arttıkça performanslarında azalmalar gözlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte özellikle basınç dayanımı açısından kıyaslandığında, güçlendirme uygulanmış numunelerde 90 çevrim donma/çözülme veya 150 °C sıcaklık koşullarında dahi güçlendirilme uygulanmamış ve donma/çözülme ile sıcaklık etkisine maruz kalmamış numunelerin basınç dayanımı değerlerinden daha yüksek sonuçlar elde edilmiştir.Öğe Effect of fly ash on rebars bond strength in the expanded clay aggregate lightweight concrete(Stowarzyszenie Producentow Cementu, 2012) Subaşı, Serkan; Emiroğlu, MehmetThe addition of fly ash, replacing cement in light weight concrete from expanded clay aggregate on rebars bond strength was studied. It was found that the bond strength is increasing with the rise of compressive strength of concrete i.e. with the content of cement in concrete. The fly ash addition of 10% caused the increase both of compressive and bond strength. However, the addition of 20% has an disadvantageous effect. The compressive strength of concrete as well as the rebars bond strength were decreasing.Öğe Effect of metakaolin substitution on physical, mechanical and hydration process of White Portland cement(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2015) Subaşı, Azime; Emiroğlu, MehmetIn this study characterizations of cementitious composites containing metakaolin were examined via spectroscopic methods (XRD, DTA, TGA, FT-IR and SEM). Hybrid binders were obtained by replacing cement with metakaolin (5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30% by weight). In addition to spectroscopic methods, the bending and compressive strengths of the prepared samples were measured at the 2nd, 7th, 28th, 56th and 90th days. In conclusion it was determined that while the metakaolin replacement ratio increases the strength values on the 28th day decrease, yet due to the pozzolanic effect significant increases in strength are obtained on the 56th and 90th days. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Effects of glass fiber usage on fracture energy and mechanical behavior of concrete: An experimental approach(2023) Arslan, Mehmet Emin; Aykanat, Batuhan; Emiroğlu, MehmetIn this study, the fracture and mechanical behavior of glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) are investigated comparatively. For this purpose, three-point bending tests were carried out on notched beams produced using GFRC with 1, 2, and 3 kg/m3 fiber contents and the dimension of 6, 12, and 24 mm to determine the fracture energy. Fracture energy values of the GFRC specimens were calculated by analyzing load versus crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) curves. Compressive strength was determined using cube samples with the dimension of 150x150mm. Tensile strength and Modulus of elasticity were determined using notched beams with the dimensions of 480x100x50 mm. Also, notched beams were produced and tested in accordance with RILEM recommendations. In addition, microstructural analyses were performed based on Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy examinations. The results showed that the effects of fiber contents on fracture energy were very significant. However, the effect of fiber addition on the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity values was not significant.Öğe Elazığ Ferrokrom Cürufunun Alkali Aktive Edilmiş Harç Üretiminde Kullanım Potansiyelinin Araştırılması(2016) Mahmut, Oğuz; Emiroğlu, MehmetBu çalışmada, çimento inceliğinde öğütülmüş Elazığ ferrokrom cürufunun NaOH - Na2SiO3 kullanılarak 40, 65 ve 90C aktivasyon sıcaklığında alkali aktive edilmiş harç üretim potansiyelinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. Kullanılan alkali aktivatörler 6, 9 ve 12 mol olacak şekilde kullanılmış olup aktivasyon sıcaklıkları ise 1, 2 ve 4 gün süreyle uygulanmıştır. Üretilen harçlar üzerinde; piriz başlangıç ve sona erme süreleri ile kıvam deneyleri yapılmıştır. sertleşmiş harç numunelerinde ise her bir aktivasyon sıcaklığında ve etüvde kalma süresi sonunda; birim ağırlık, ultrases geçiş hızı, kapiler su emme ve basınç dayanımı deneyleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak, çimento kullanmaksızın bağlayıcı olarak Elazığ ferrokrom cürufunun kullanıldığı 15 MPa dayanım değerinin üzerinde alkali aktive edilmiş harç üretilebileceği sonucuna varılmıştırÖğe Fracture energy and mechanical characteristics of self-compacting concretes including waste bladder tyre(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2017) Bideci, Alper; Öztürk, Hakan; Bideci, Özlem Sallı; Emiroğlu, MehmetManagement of solid wastes is one of the most important environmental problems in the world. Waste tyres are also one of these solid wastes. The growing number of waste tyres that are stocked every year brings problems in respect of human health, environmental pollution, and also causes esthetical problems. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of waste tyre addition on self compacting concretes' mechanical characteristics and fracture properties under bending. In this study, waste bladder tyres (RA) mechanically cut in 25, 50 and 75 mm lengths were used by volumetric replacement of coarse aggregates in self-compacting concretes (SCC). Unit weight, flow, J-ring, column segregation, water absorption, 28 days of compressive strength, ultrasound pulse velocity and fracture energy tests were applied on concretes obtained by replacement of coarse aggregates in 5%, 10% and 15% ratios by volume. Also, Scanning Electronic Microscope (SEM) and Energy Distribution Spectroscopy (EDS) analyses of the samples were examined. In the study, it was determined that RA replacement decreases unit weight of fresh concrete; when RA length ratio increases, it becomes difficult for the concrete to pass through reinforcement openings; in hardened concrete samples dry unit weight decreases; 10% fibre addition increases compressive strength values; after the ultrasonic pulse velocity measurement, the concretes are included in "good" quality concrete classifications. As a conclusion, it was determined that 25 mm long 10% rubber aggregate replacement to self-compacting concretes can give optimum results. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Genleştirilmiş Kil Agregalı Hafif Betonlarda Bulanık Mantık Yöntemiyle Yarmada Çekme Dayanımı Tahmin Modeli Geliştirilmesi(2009) Subaşı, Serkan; Beycioğlu, Ahmet; Emiroğlu, MehmetBu çalışmada, genleştirilmiş kil agregasıyla üretilen alternatif karışım özelliklerine sahip hafif betonlarda yarmada çekme dayanımı değerlerinin bulanık mantık yöntemiyle tahmin edilebilirliği araştırılmıştır. Bu amaçla 350, 400 ve 450 kg/m³ çimento dozajlarında genleştirilmiş kil agregalı hafif beton karışımları hazırlanmıştır. Her bir çimento miktarı için %0, %10, %20 ve %30 oranında uçucu kül ikame edilerek hazırlanan beton numuneleri yarmada çekme dayanımı deneyine tabi tutulmuştur. Modellemede girdi parametresi olarak çimento ve uçucu kül miktarları, çıktı parametresi olarak ise yarmada çekme dayanımı değerleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada girdi parametreleri için belirlenen üyelik fonksiyonlarına bağlı olarak 35 kural yazılmış durulaştırma işleminde ise en yaygın kullanılan yöntem olan ağırlık merkezi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak geliştirilen bulanık mantık modeli ile deneysel olarak elde edilmiş yarmada çekme dayanımı değerleri başarı ile belirlenmiştir.Öğe Investigation of fracture mechanics, physical and dynamic properties of UHPCs containing PVA, glass and steel fibers(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2022) Dehghanpour, Heydar; Subaşı, Serkan; Güntepe, Sefa; Emiroğlu, Mehmet; Maraşlı, MuhammedFracture energy, non-destructive testing, some physical and mechanical tests and microstructural investigations were performed on 18-month 0.7 V%, 1.3 V% and 2.0 V% PVA fiber, glass fiber (GF) and steel fiber (SF) reinforced Ultra High Performance Concretes (UHPCs). Fracture test was performed on Single Edge Notched Beams (SENB) to investigate fracture energy, dissipated energy, flexural strength, crack resistance index (CRI), and flexibility index (FI) of UHPCs. Dynamic modulus of elasticity and damping ratios of the UHPCs were calculated by performing resonance frequency tests on the SENB samples by ASTM C215 standard. In addition, compressive strength, static modulus of elasticity, electrical resistivity, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), Leeb hardness, Schmidt hammer, and density tests were also performed on the cylindrical samples. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analyzes were performed to examine the interaction between the UHPC matrix and different fibers. Among all the mixtures, an exceptionally positive effect of SFs on the all mechanical properties of the UHPCs was observed. Dynamic test results showed that the increase in fiber ratio increased the damping ratio of UHPCs irrespective of fiber type. The UPV and electrical resistivity results offered promising results regarding the internal structure of UHPCs.Öğe LASTİK AGREGALI BETONLARDA ELASTİSİTE MODÜLÜNÜN DENEYSEL VE TEORİK OLARAK İNCELENMESİ(Gazi Univ, Fac Engineering Architecture, 2009) Emiroğlu, Mehmet; Yıldız, Servet; Özgan, ErcanIn this study, fine and coarse rubber aggregates were produced for using in concrete. Rubber filled concretes have been produced by replacing the normal aggregates with rubber aggregates (5%, 10%, 15% and 20%) by volume respectively. Physical and mechanical properties of the produced rubber filled concretes have been determined. Beam specimens with 100 x 100 x 500 mm were prepared for the three point bending tests. The three point bending tests have conducted on these beam specimens and deflection amount of the beams during the test have been measured. By using the deflection values elasticity modulus of the produced specimens have been determined. Also, the elasticity modulus of the specimens has been calculated by using empirical equations which were proposed from some countries' standards. It was tried to determine that the relationship between the experimental results and empirical equation results for elasticity modulus. As a result, it is determined that while increasing rubber content in the concrete the relationship between experimental results and empirical equation results for elasticity modulus were decreased. However, it is observed that there was a high correlation between experimental results and empirical equation proposed by American Concrete Institute (ACI) for elasticity modulus.Öğe New Polymer Concrete with Superior Ductility and Fracture Toughness Using Alumina Nanoparticles(Asce-Amer Soc Civil Engineers, 2017) Emiroğlu, Mehmet; Douba, Ala Eddin; Tarefder, Rafiqul A.; Kandil, Usama F.; Taha, Mahmoud RedaThis study investigates the effect of alumina nanoparticles (ANPs) on tension and fracture characteristics of polymer concrete (PC). ANPs with a maximum particle size of 50nm were used at 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0wt.% of epoxy resin. Tensile strength, tensile failure strain, and fracture toughness (KIC, GIC, and JIC) were determined experimentally. A PC with superior ductility showing a tensile failure strain of 4.89% (compared with 2.56% for neat PC) was observed at ANP content of 3.0wt.%. Using ANPs in producing epoxy PC can significantly improve ductility (+60.6%) and fracture toughness (+131.8%) compared with neat PC. Scanning electron microscope (SEM), dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) observations were conducted to understand the role ANPs play to manifest the observed improvements in tension and fracture characteristics of PC.Öğe On the earthquake-related damages of civil engineering structures within the areas impacted by Kahramanmaraş earthquakes(2023) Atmaca, Barbaros; Arslan, Mehmet Emin; Emiroğlu, Mehmet; Altunışık, Ahmet Can; Adanur, Süleyman; Demir, Aydın; Günaydın, MuratTwo major earthquakes occurred on the Eastern Anatolian Fault Line (EAF) on February 6, 2023, with an interval of nine hours. These earthquakes, measuring Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6, were centered in the districts of Pazarcık and Elbistan in the province of Kahramanmaraş. They directly affected 11 provinces (Kahramanmaraş, Hatay, Adıyaman, Osmaniye, Gaziantep, Şanlıurfa, Malatya, Diyarbakır, Adana, Kilis, and Elazığ) in the Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia, caused significant loss of life and property. This study aims to present the field investigation and performance evaluation of engineering structures in the mentioned cities. The types of damages occurring in the reinforced concrete (RC) and masonry buildings, historical and industrial structures, bridges, and mosques were given in detail. According to the data of the Ministry of Treasury and Finance of Türkiye, it has been reported that the cost of these earthquakes is approximately 103.6 billion dollars, which corresponds to nine percent of Türkiye's national income expectation for 2023 and causes damage and losses of approximately six times more than the 1999 Marmara earthquake. In the areas affected by earthquakes, many of the errors determined by professionals from previous earthquakes still exist today.
