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    Carvacrol: A Protective Agent Against Cadmium Nitrate Toxicity in Allium cepa L.
    (Springer, 2025) Rasgele, Pinar G. O. C.; Karaguzel, Ahsen; Ugras, Serpil; Emire, Zuhal
    Monoterpenes are isoprene derivatives that contain conjugated double bonds and are synthesized in many plant families. In this study, the aim was to measure the protective effect of carvacrol, one of these monoterpenes, against cadmium nitrate-induced oxidative stress using parameters such as morphologic, cytogenetic, and antioxidant activity via the Allium cepa L. model. The control group was treated with distilled water, while the treatment groups were treated with low (25 ppm) and high (100 ppm) doses of carvacrol, cadmium nitrate (80 ppm), carvacrol (25 ppm) + cadmium nitrate (80 ppm), and carvacrol (100 ppm) + cadmium nitrate (80 ppm) for 96 h. Improvements were observed in the adverse effects induced by cadmium nitrate with increasing doses of carvacrol. When the MI values of carvacrol at concentrations of 25 and 100 ppm were compared with the negative control, a statistically significant increase was observed. Furthermore, the high dose (100 ppm) of carvacrol co-administered with cadmium nitrate caused a decrease in the number of abnormalities induced by cadmium nitrate. It was observed that the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase increased in the cadmium nitrate. However, in the samples where cadmium nitrate and carvacrol were co-administered, the activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase decreased depending on the concentration. As a result, it was determined that none of the concentrations of carvacrol had cytotoxic and genotoxic effects, and carvacrol at a concentration of 100 ppm exhibited a protective effect against the toxicity induced by cadmium nitrate.
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    Characterization of cellulase by Cellvibrio polysaccharolyticus and assessment of its application in the textile industry
    (Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2025) Kizmaz, Kerem; Emire, Zuhal; Ugras, Serpil
    There are many enzymes used in various industries, and the application areas of enzymes are increasing day by day. Among these enzymes, cellulase enzymes, which are of industrial importance, are used in many industrial sectors such as paper pulp, textiles, and food. In this study, bacteria isolated from bovine feces that produce cellulase enzyme were screened. Then, a bacterium identified as a producer, coded as UR4. The isolated bacterium was identified as Cellvibrio polysaccharolyticus (Cp-UR4). Thus, for the first time in the literature, the Cp-UR4 was used for cellulase production in this study. The optimum production conditions of the enzyme were determined to be 37 degrees C, pH 7.0, and 72 h of incubation. The enzyme working conditions were determined to be at 45 degrees C and pH 7.0. The Vmax and Km values for enzyme kinetics were found to be 6.41 U/mL and 12.53 mM, respectively. Ammonium sulfate method was used for partial purification of the enzyme in the final stage. Native-PAGE and zymogram analysis were performed to determine the molecular weight of the partially purified enzyme. It was determined that the cellulase formed aggregates larger than 130 kDa. The enzyme was applied to denim fabric, and the results showed that it performed better in de-fuzzing, bio-polishing, and color removal compared to the reference enzyme. Thus, this study suggests that cellulase obtained for the first time from Cp-UR4, isolated from bovine feces, can be used for bio-polishing, color removal, and de-fuzzing processes in the textile industry.
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    Determination of Cellulase Enzyme Produced by Bacillus cereus DU-1 Isolated from Soil, and Its Effects on Cotton Fiber
    (Inst Tecnologia Parana, 2024) Ugras, Serpil; Bicen, Hatice Elif Isik; Emire, Zuhal
    A Cellulase enzyme is the enzyme synthesized by some bacterial and fungal species and breaks down the ss-1,4 glycoside bonds of cellulose. Cellulase enzyme has a wide range of uses such as food, paper, textile industry, animal feed and detergent production. In this study, which was designed to add a new cellulase enzyme with such a wide industrial use, cellulotic bacterium isolation, identification, partial purification, characterization and application on denim fabric of the cellulase enzyme synthesized by the identified bacterium was performed. Firstly, bacterium that can produce cellulase enzyme was isolated from soil samples containing hazelnut wastes. The enzyme-producing isolate was identified as Bacillus cereus strain DU -1 by morphological, biochemical and molecular techniques. The optimum conditions for enzyme production by B. cereus DU -1 was determined as pH 7.0, at 37 degrees C and 24h. However, the activity of the enzyme (5.16 U/mL) was found to be optimum at 50 degrees C and pH 6.0. The Vmax value of the enzyme was 3.18 U/mL and the Km value was 0.0019 mM. The enzyme was partially purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation. The molecular size of the partially purified enzyme was determined as approximately 40 kDa by SDS-PAGE and Zymogram analysis. Finally, enzyme was applied on the denim fabric and when the fabrics were viewed under the electron microscope, it was seen that they were suitable for textile use.
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    Protective Effects of Origanum onites and Its Components on Lead-Nitrate Induced Genotoxicity in Root Cells of Allium cepa L.
    (Acg Publications, 2024) Ugras, Serpil; Rasgele, Pinar Goc; Temizce, Semih; Emire, Zuhal; Dirmenci, Tuncay
    This study investigates the protective effects of components (Thymol; Thy, Carvacrol; Car, Linalool; Lin, and alpha-Pinene; AP) and essential oil of Origanum onites L. (O. onites-EO), against lead nitrate -induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in Allium cepa L. (A. cepa) root tip cells. These components obtained from O. onites were characterized by gas chromatography (GC). A. cepa bulbs were exposed to 6.25-12.5 mg/L concentrations of the O. onites-EO/components of O. onites-EO for analyses of induction of cytogenetic damage. Then, these bulbs were exposed to 10 mg/L concentrations of lead nitrate for analyses of the protective effects of O. onites and its components. Mitotic abnormalities were evaluated for genotoxicity, and mitotic index (MI) for cytotoxicity. As a result of this study, lead nitrate increased the total chromosomal abnormality amount in A. cepa, indicating genotoxicity. MI was decreased with lead nitrate. However, this effect was significantly improved by components of O. onites-EO. This effect was shown with the decrease in the number of chromosomal abnormalities and increase in MI rates in lead nitrate -induced root cells after exposure to the components of O. onites-EO. The protective effect of O. onites-EO components against the damage caused by lead nitrate in cells can be listed as alpha- Pinene > Thymol > Carvacrol > Linalool. Among all essential oil components tested, alpha-Pinene was determined to have the strongest protective effect. Furthermore, the protective effect of the essential oil, which contains all the components, could not be determined. It has been observed that the components of essential oil have different effects, and it can be said that these components suppress the effects of each other in the mixture where they are found together. In conclusion, this study shows that the components of O. onites-EO have a protective effect on lead nitrate -induced A. cepa root cells.