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Öğe A comprehensive review on the usage of the nano-sized particles along with diesel/biofuel blends and their impacts on engine behaviors(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Gad, Mohammed Sayed; Ağbulut, Ümit; Afzal, Asif; Panchal, H.; Jayaraj, S.; Qasem, N.A.A.; El-Shafay, A. S.Global warming, climate change, air pollution, and harmful exhaust emissions for human health are highly associated with the burning of petroleum fuels at a huge level. In the beginning, biodiesel fuels have been introduced as a promising alternative fuel to mitigate these problems. However, poor atomization, low energy content, high viscosity, and density of biodiesels are the main obstacles to the frequent usage of biodiesel fuels in diesel engines. That is because biodiesel fuels in CI engines have generally resulted in higher fuel consumption, lower thermal efficiency, and higher NOx emission. On the other hand, most fuel researchers recently announced that the addition of nanoparticles in biodiesel blends has led to making biodiesels attractive again by significantly improving their poor biodiesel properties such as thermophysical properties, calorific value, heat transfer rate, evaporation rate, etc. From this point of view, many published papers in the area demonstrated that the addition of nanoparticles in biodiesel blended fuels has simultaneously provided fewer exhaust emissions, better performance, and combustion characteristics thanks to the high catalyst effect of nanoparticles. In the conclusion, the present review paper clearly announced that the addition of nanoparticles is a very strong way to re-improving the worsened engine combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of biodiesel-diesel blends. © 2023 Elsevier LtdÖğe Experimental and numerical assessment of the rotary bed reactor for fuel-processing and evaluation of produced oil usability as fuel substitute(Elsevier, 2022) Gad, Mohammed Sayed; Ağbulut, Ümit; El-Shafay, A. S.; Panchal, Hitesh; Emara, Kareem; Al-Mdallal, Qasem M.; Afzal, AsifIn current work, waste tires recycling using pyrolysis was performed inside a rotary bed reactor without oxygen-producing oil, black carbon, and synthetic gas. In that respect, CFD analysis was applied using ANSYS software to design the reactor and test its material resistance to the temperature rise. Thermal and mechanical stresses were evaluated to find an acceptable reactor design. Pyrolysis of tires to oil was performed at a temperature of 420 degrees C. Tire and diesel oils blends of 5, 10, and 20% volume percentages were prepared for experimentation. Tire oil blends properties were close to crude diesel. Characteristics of combustion, performance and emissions of diesel engines that used tire oil blends were investigated compared to crude diesel. The thermal efficiency maximum decrease of TO20 was 21% in comparison to pure diesel. The maximum increases in CO, smoke, and HC emissions of TO20 were 35, 20, and 25% compared to diesel fuel, respectively. The highest decline in NOx emission of TO20 was 19% related to crude diesel fuel. Oil blends achieved the higher peak cylinder pressures about diesel fuel. In conclusion, lower volume percentages of up to 20% of tire and diesel oil blends are recommended to be used without any engine modifications.Öğe Impact of produced oxyhydrogen gas (HHO) from dry cell electrolyzer on spark ignition engine characteristics(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2024) Gad, M. S.; El-Shafay, A. S.; Agbulut, Umit; Panchal, HiteshIn the current study, an onboard dry cell electrolyzer was built to produce an oxyhydrogen (HHO) flow rate of 0.5 L/min by water electrolysis. The objective is to show the impact of oxyhydrogen introduction on engine exhaust gases, combustion characteristics, and engine performance related to gasoline. The experiments were carried out in a petrol engine at a fixed engine speed of 3000 rpm and variable engine loading. When comparing HHO gasoline dual fuel to standard gasoline fuel, the maximum improvements in volumetric efficiency, thermal efficiency and air-fuel ratio were determined as 7.5%, 8% and 11%, respectively. In the case of HHO addition, the highest reductions in specific fuel consumption and exhaust gas temperature were 9% and 6.5%, respectively, compared with conventional gasoline fuel. The highest reduction in CO, HC, NOx, and CO2 concentrations was observed as 18%, 9%, 15%, and 11%, respectively, for HHO-gasoline dual-fuel mode compared to gasoline fuel. The peak cylinder pressure and HRR improvements were 1.5% and 4.5%, respectively, at 100% engine load. Oxyhydrogen gas is highly recommended as a substitute fuel since it significantly enhances engine performance and combustion characteristics as well as reducing exhaust pollutants. (c) 2023 Hydrogen Energy Publications LLC. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Öğe Investigation of the effect of magnetic field on the PEC and exergy of heat exchanger filled with two-phase hybrid nanofluid, equipped with an edged twisted tape(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) El-Shafay, A. S.; Mohamed, A.M.; Ağbulut, Ümit; Gad, Mohammed Sayed; El, Maakoul, A.In this study, the effect of using hybrid nanofluid and helical twisted tape (HTT) on the exergy efficiency and thermo-hydraulic performance of a heat exchanger is investigated numerically using the finite volume method (FVM). Also, Solidworks is used to sketch the geometry. The study is carried out by assuming the steady state flow using the pressure-based solver. Simulations of Cu-ZnO/water hybrid nanofluids are based on the mixture model. The Reynolds number (Re) changes from 10,000 to 40,000, volume fraction (?) vary from 1 to 5%, and pitch ratio (PR) is of 1, 2, 3, and 4. The results demonstrate that the average Nusselt number (Nuav) and thermal performance of the heat exchanger are enhanced with Re and ?. At ? = 5% and Re = 40,000, placing a HTT with a PR of 4 causes the pressure drop (?P) to enhance by 180.97% In comparison with a collector without a solar panel a turbulator. In addition, in the heat exchanger with a HTT with a PR of 4 and ? = 5%, the exergy efficiency is increased by 38.89% as Re is enhanced from 10,000 to 40,000. The use of a magnetic field causes the PEC in the heat exchanger to become greater than 1 in all cases. Also, the maximum exergy efficiency occurs when a magnetic field is applied at Re = 20,000 and a Hartmann number (Ha) of 150. © 2022 Elsevier LtdÖğe Multi-objective optimization based grey relational analysis and investigation of using the waste animal fat biodiesel on the engine characteristics(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Gad, Mohammed Sayed; El-Shafay, A. S.; Alqsair, U.F.; Ağbulut, Ümit; Attia, E.-A.In the present work, biodiesel has been produced from waste chicken fat, and its usability test as an alternative fuel has been comprehensively discussed. A diesel engine has been tested at varying engine speeds (from 1800 to 3400 prm with the interval of 400 rpm) under full load condition. Esterification and transesterification of waste chicken fat were used to produce chicken methyl ester. Then this produced biodiesel has been blended into the conventional diesel fuel volumetrically from 25 to 100 %, and the main properties of these test fuels have been determined. In the results, it is noticed that the addition of waste chicken biodiesel to petroleum diesel fuel declines the engine brake power and thermal efficiency by 28 and 23 % due to the low calorific value, and high viscosity of biodiesel, but increases the EGT and BSFC by 29 and 25 %, respectively. Thanks to the high oxygen content of biodiesel fuel, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and smoke concentrations have been dropped by approximately 47, 12, and 48 %, respectively but the concentration of nitrogen oxides has shown an increment to be 25 % when chicken methyl esters (B100) have been completely used instead of diesel fuel. On the other hand, significant combustion parameters such as heat release rate, ignition delay, and peak in-cylinder pressure have been recorded less than those of methyl ester by 8, 10, and 19 %, respectively as compared to those of conventional diesel fuel. Multi-criteria decision-making with grey relational analysis has been also conducted in this work. Based on the optimization results, The blending ratio range between 0 and 20 % and the speed range between 2600 and 3000 rpm is recommended because of the improvement in engine combustion and emission characteristics. In the conclusion, the present work reported that the waste chicken methyl ester can be utilized as a substitute fuel at the modest blending ratios for diesel engines without any modification on the vehicular system. © 2023 Elsevier LtdÖğe Optimization of performance and emission outputs of a CI engine powered with waste fat biodiesel: A detailed RSM, fuzzy multi-objective and MCDM application(Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2023) El-Shafay, A. S.; Gad, M. S.; Agbulut, Umit; Attia, El-AwadyDecreasing the influence of diesel engines on the environment by mitigating harmful exhaust emissions is a real-life target to reach a cleaner atmosphere. Accordingly, the present work aims to reduce emissions while pre-serving enhanced performance in the diesel engine. From this point of view, the biodiesel from chicken fats was produced with the following of esterification as transesterification processes, then its mixtures with conventional diesel fuel were comprehensively investigated. A diesel engine was experimentally tested at varying engine speeds and loads. Both response surface methodology (RSM) and fuzzy multi-objective modeling techniques were used to predict the engine performance, and exhaust pollutants of diesel engine fueled with chicken biodiesel blends. Central composite RSM was used for the experimental design. Different responses were modeled mathematically via highly statistically significant models. A nonlinear fuzzy-multi-objective optimization model was also constructed and optimally solved in the paper. The multi-objective optimized results show that the blending ratio of 24.42%, engine load of 64.1%, and engine speed of 2616.6 rpm were the optimum operating conditions for the different performance and emission concentrations. These results were validated experimen-tally and the relative error was within & PLUSMN;6.67%. Sensitivity analysis was handled for the discussion of the model performance under the different importance of the performance and emission criteria. The model is capable to satisfy the decision maker's needs and gives the corresponding operating conditions. In the results, it is well-noticed that RSM, fuzzy multi-objective, and multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) supports are good tools to both predict, and optimize the engine behaviors.Öğe Waste to energy: Production of poultry-based fat biodiesel and experimental assessment of its usability on engine behaviors(Elsevier Ltd, 2023) El-Shafay, A. S.; Ağbulut, Ümit; Attia, E.-A.; Touileb, K.L.; Gad, Mohammed SayedHigh volatility in fuel prices, energy security issues, and concerns about rising emissions have always driven researchers to search for renewable alternative fuels. Therefore, researchers have agreed on the idea that biodiesel fuels obtained from the various feedstocks have been the best alternative to conventional fuels. Accordingly, in the present research, the chicken oil biodiesel is first produced with esterification, and then transesterification methods, and then it is blended with conventional diesel fuel at volumetric ratios of 25, 50, 75, and 100%. In the experiments, a compression ignition engine is loaded from 0 to 100% with intervals of 25% at a rated speed of 3000 rpm. The paper intends to observe how the fuel properties changed and to discuss the influences of the produced chicken oil methyl ester on the engine behaviors (combustion, performance, and emission). The results demonstrated that blending of chicken oil methyl ester into diesel fuel reduces engine mean effective pressure and thermal efficiency by 35 and 23%, respectively by increasing the specific fuel consumption and exhaust gas temperature by 25 and 29%, respectively, due to the lower calorific value of chicken biodiesel. On the other hand, with the blending of chicken biodiesel, significant reductions in CO, HC, and smoke opacity are found to be 12, 47, and 48%, respectively, but it results in an increment of 25% for NOx emission. Considering the combustion parameters, it is noticed that peak cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and ignition delay decline by 8, 10, and 19%, respectively, for methyl ester compared to conventional diesel fuel. In the conclusion, the paper clearly reports that chicken methyl ester can be utilized as a fuel substitute in diesel engines without any modification, and it results in considerable reductions in some significant exhaust emissions. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd
