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    Current trends suggest most Asian countries are unlikely to meet future biodiversity targets on protected areas
    (Nature Portfolio, 2022) Farhadinia, Mohammad S.; Waldron, Anthony; Kaszta, Zaneta; Eid, Ehab; Hughes, Alice; Ambarlı, Hüseyin; Al-Hikmani, Hadi
    Aichi Target 11 committed governments to protect >= 17% of their terrestrial environments by 2020, yet it was rarely achieved, raising questions about the post-2020 Global Biodiversity Framework goal to protect 30% by 2030. Asia is a challenging continent for such targets, combining high biodiversity with dense human populations. Here, we evaluated achievements in Asia against Aichi Target 11. We found that Asia was the most underperforming continent globally, with just 13.2% of terrestrial protected area (PA) coverage, averaging 14.1 +/- SE 1.8% per country in 2020. 73.1% of terrestrial ecoregions had <17% representation and only 7% of PAs even had an assessment of management effectiveness. We found that a higher agricultural land in 2015 was associated with lower PA coverage today. Asian countries also showed a remarkably slow average annual pace of 0.4 +/- SE 0.1% increase of PA extent. These combined lines of evidence suggest that the ambitious 2030 targets are unlikely to be achieved in Asia unless the PA coverage to increase 2.4-5.9 times faster. We provided three recommendations to support Asian countries to meet their post-2020 biodiversity targets: complete reporting and the wider adoption other effective area-based conservation measures; restoring disturbed landscapes; and bolstering transboundary PAs. Asia is shown to be behind in meeting the Aichi Target 11 under the Convention on Biological Diversity and current trends indicate that 2030 targets are unlikely to be achieved with severe impact on biodiversity.
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    Economics of conservation law enforcement by rangers across Asia
    (Wiley, 2023) Farhadinia, Mohammad S.; Johnson, Paul J.; Kamath, Vignesh; Eid, Ehab; Hikmani, Hadi Al; Ambarlı, Hüseyin; Alom, Zahangir
    Biodiversity targets, under the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, prioritize both conservation area and their effectiveness. The effective management of protected areas (PAs) depends greatly on law enforcement resources, which is often tasked to rangers. We addressed economic aspects of law enforcement by rangers working in terrestrial landscapes across Asia. Accordingly, we used ranger numbers and payment rates to derive continental-scale estimates. Ranger density has decreased by 2.4-fold since the 1990s, increasing the median from 10.9 to 26.4 km(2) of PAs per ranger. Rangers were generally paid more than the minimum wage (median ratio = 1.9) and the typical salaries in agriculture, forestry, and fishing sector (median ratio = 1.2). Annual spending on ranger salaries varied widely among countries, with a median of annual US71 km(-2) of PA. Nearly 208,000 rangers patrolling Asian PAs provide an invaluable opportunity to develop ranger-based monitoring plans for evaluating the conservation performance. As decision-makers frequently seek an optimum number of law enforcement staff, our study provides a continental baseline median of 46.3 km(2) PA per ranger. Our findings also provide a baseline for countries to improve their ranger-based law enforcement which is critical for their Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework targets.