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    Comparative evaluation of disinfection mechanism of sodium hypochlorite, chlorine dioxide and electroactivated water on Enterococcus faecalis
    (Elsevier Science Bv, 2019) Ersoy, Zeynep Girgin; Dinç, Özge; Çınar, Buse; Gedik, Sedef Tunca; Dimoglo, Anatoli
    The aim of this study is to compare the efficiency of chlorine-based disinfectants, namely, sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and electroactivated water (EAW), and to investigate their inactivation mechanisms on a Gram positive, opportunistic pathogen Enterococcus faecalis. Cell viability, damages on membrane integrity and cellular components were examined to reveal underlying mechanisms of the disinfection process. Among three disinfectants, EAW was the most effective one to inactivate E. faecalis in less time with more damage. According to flow cytometry results, EAW destroyed 95.4% of bacteria within 1 min whereas NaOCl and ClO2 provided 73.9% and 72.6% bacterial inactivation after 20 min of treatment. The rapid increment at conductivity and lipid peroxidation within 30 s of treatment indicates that EAW causes membrane damage much more expeditiously compared to other disinfectants. DNA and protein leakage increased gradually during the treatment with EAW and reached 44.9 and 5.8 mu g/ml, respectively. All disinfectants were found as inactivating the bacteria by disrupting cell membrane integrity, unbalancing the ion concentration and damaging the cellular components such as DNA, protein, lipid molecules. It is considered that EAW is more effective due to its superior content including chlorine dioxide, free radicals and ozone besides hypochlorous acid.
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    Electrocoagulation/electroflotation as a combined process for the laundry wastewater purification and reuse
    (Elsevier, 2019) Dimoglo, Anatoli; Elibol, P. Sevim; Dinç, Özge; Gökmen, K.; Erdoğan, H.
    ( )The purpose of this work is to purify wastewater from industrial laundries and return them to the washing process. By means of the methods of electrocoagulation and electroflotation, laboratory and pilot studies on the wastewater treatment were carried out using aluminium electrodes. The process of wastewater treatment has been studied in dependence on treatment time, temperature, pH and current density. The effectiveness of the cleaning process under different values of operating parameters of the reactor was estimated as the percentage of color, turbidity and surfactant removal from the wastewater. As a result of laboratory studies, the optimum values of the operating parameters of the reactor at 90% removal of contamination were the following: current density value as 5.26 mA/cm(2), pH as 5.5 and 5 min processing time. The consumption of electrical energy in this case amounted to 1.25 kWh/ m(3). The quality control of the purified water was carried out according to such additional parameters as total suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, total organic carbon, and the content of metal ions and phosphate and nitrate anions in the water. The study of the wastewater treatment in a pilot plant with laboratory values of operating parameters showed the reproducibility of the purification results for the controlled parameters of water quality and suitability of the water for reuse. The washing performed with purified water was estimated by the whiteness index for bed linen and was not inferior to the traditional washing with water from a source of water supply.
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    In vitro biocompatibility study approaches to evaluate the safety profile of electrolyzed water for skin and eye
    (Sage Publications Ltd, 2019) Sipahi, Hande; Reis, Rengin; Dinç, Özge; Kavaz, T.; Dimoglo, Anatoli; Aydın, Ahmet
    Electrolyzed water (EW) is a widely used disinfectant agent with high oxidation-reduction potential (ORP). Although EW has been used in many areas, such as food hygiene, agriculture, and animal husbandry, the studies presented in the literature are not enough to clarify the toxic effects of EW. The aim of this study is, therefore, to produce EWs at different pH, ORP, and chlorine concentrations and to assess their safety in terms of toxicology. At the beginning of the study, the antimicrobial activity of the EW types with respect to bacteria and fungus was investigated. EWs below pH 7 were all effective in inactivating Enterococcus hirae, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans completely. In vitro studies of cell cultures revealed that different concentrations of EWs were not cytotoxic for the L929 cells under 10- to 80-fold dilutions. In addition, it has been determined that produced EWs did not have irritation potential, according to the in vitro EpiDerm((TM)), reconstituted skin irritation test in the frames of biocompatibility tests. For the mucous membrane irritation test, the hen's egg test-chorioallantoic membrane experiment was performed, and EWs were found to have no eye irritation. In conclusion, it has been shown that produced EWs with antimicrobial efficacy were found to be safe for skin and eye according to in vitro biocompatibility study studies. Thus, the establishment of a technological infrastructure for the EW production and the use of produced EW as an effective disinfectant in the food, medical, and agricultural areas should be encouraged.