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    Advances in biological activities of essential oils
    (Elsevier B.V., 2022) Mutlu İngök, Ayşegül; Devecioğlu, Dilara; Dikmetaş, Dilara Nur; Karbancıoğlu Güler, Funda
    Essential oils (EOs), which are secondary metabolites of plants, have volatile and natural characteristics. The biological activities of EOs have been increasing interest for many years, and the number of studies in the literature has increased in parallel with this interest. Although their antimicrobial activities are more common than other biological activities, some areas still need research. In the first stage of this chapter, the known antimicrobial activities of EOs will mainly be evaluated under the titles such as usage of EOs in combinations and encapsulation of EOs. Further, synergistic, additive, or antagonistic interactions of EO combinations will also be associated with their chemical compositions. In the second part, the review will focus on new and remarkable biological activities of EOs such as angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory potential, ?-amylase and ?-glucosidase inhibition potential, and xanthine oxidase inhibition potentials of essential oils. While the antihypertensive activity was correlated with the inhibition of the angiotensin-converting enzyme, antidiabetic activity has been associated with the inhibition of amylase and glucosidase activities. Moreover, inhibition of the xanthine oxidase enzyme prevents overproduction of uric acid and thus hyperuricemia. This situation is associated with antigout activity. © 2022 Elsevier B.V.
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    Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties of Hydrosol/Essential Oils Obtained from Orange (Citrus sinensis) Peels
    (Düzce Üniversitesi, 2019) Dikmetaş, Dilara Nur; Konuşur, Güliz; Mutlu-ingök, Ayşegül; Gülsünoğlu, Zehra; Karbancıoğlu-güler, Funda
    In this study, antimicrobial activity of essential oils and hydrosols from fresh orange peels which were cultivated in Dalaman, Köyceğiz and Finike against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) were examined by using the agar well diffusion method. In addition to antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activities of orange peel hydrosols were also determined by cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and radicals scavenging ability of DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) methods. Although, the inhibition zones of hydrosols against E. coli (ATCC 25922) and S. aureus (ATCC 25923) bacteria were smaller than essential oils, the difference between them was not statistically significant. The highest antimicrobial activity has been obtained from the peel of oranges from Dalaman. As a result of antioxidant capacity analysis, the concentration of hydrosols was found as 8 µg Trolox equivalent/mL and 3 µg Trolox equivalent/mL in CUPRAC and DPPH methods, respectively. Although, Dalaman hydrosols have an antioxidant activity with 3% inhibition percentages, when compared with the synthetic antioxidant BHT, it was observed at lower levels. On the basis of this experiment, hydrosol and essential oils obtained from oranges cultivated from 3 different regions have antioxidant and antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). However, antioxidant activity is lower when compared with the synthetic antioxidant.