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    Effect of wet Hydrogen Sulfide on Carbon Steels Degradation in Refinery Based on Case Study
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2022) Orlikowski, Juliusz; Jazdzewska, Agata; Uygur, İlyas; Gospos, Radoslaw; Olczak, Tomasz; Darowicki, Kazimierz
    Material degradation caused by wet hydrogen sulfide (Wet H2S) is one of the major issues in refineries. Carbon steel is the main construction material used in refineries and is subjected not only to thickness loss but the hydrogen is the major concern. H2S leads to high atomic hydrogen penetration in steel which causes degradation in the form of blistering and/or cracking (HIC/SOHIC) and stress cracking in the area of welds and heat affected zones. Mechanism is unusually dangerous due to high difficulty of threat assessment, which is mostly based on ultrasonic measurements or calculations based on the API standards. This research is based on evaluation of the real threat of wet H2S degradation based on examination of construction materials after 41 years of exploitation in refinery. The comparison of the theoretical calculation based on API standards and experience of the degradation of the real objects was characterized. Laboratory measurements include mechanical tests involving the elongation in the function of tensile stress and deformation, with analysis of material hardness and gas chromatography analysis. The results are complemented by studies of the chemical composition of the streams and analytical studies of the hydrogen content in the material obtained by the gas chromatography method. The tests showed compliance of the standard analysis of the corrosion risk with the laboratory tests performed on the real samples. Research leads to indication of the destructive methods which can be used on the materials obtained during scheduled material replacements or installation modernizations.
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    Evaluation of corrosion inhibition of brass-118 in artificial seawater by benzotriazole using Dynamic EIS
    (Pergamon-Elsevier Science Ltd, 2009) Gerengi, Hüsnü; Darowicki, Kazimierz; Bereket, Gözen; Slepski, Pawel
    The paper presents the results of corrosion behaviour of brass-118 in artificial seawater and the inhibitor effect of benzotriazole (BTA) by using a novel method called dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS). This method allows the tracing of the dynamics of the corrosion and the inhibition process based on the evaluation of electrical parameters of the equivalent circuit. Instantaneous impedance spectra recorded up to 10 h show that an exposure of few hours is not enough for the determination of inhibition efficiency. The results indicate the usefulness of DEIS technique in the field of inhibitor research. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Investigation effect of benzotriazole on the corrosion of brass-MM55 alloy in artificial seawater by dynamic EIS
    (Springer, 2010) Gerengi, Hüsnü; Darowicki, Kazimierz; Slepski, Pawel; Bereket, Gözen; Ryl, Jacek
    The electrochemical behavior of brass-MM55 alloy was studied in artificial seawater with benzotriazole by using a novel method called dynamic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (DEIS). This method gives possibility to investigate the protection of metals in corrosive medium by using inhibitors in galvanostatic conditions for a long time. Instantaneous impedance spectra for brass-MM55 were recorded for 10 h in artificial seawater for different concentration of benzotriazole. It was found that a few hours were not enough for the accurate calculation of corrosion inhibition. Also with this method it is possible to figure out how the charge transfer resistance (R (ct)) changes by the time. Usefulness of the DEIS technique in the investigation of non-stationary phenomena has been proved in the field of inhibitor research. All studies clearly show that benzotriazole inhibits the corrosion of brass-MM55 alloy in artificial seawater solution and the value of inhibition efficiency increases with increasing concentration of benzotriazole.