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    HBSAG, ANTI-HCV, ANTI-HIV 1/2, AND SYPHILIS SEROPREVALENCE IN BLOOD DONORS IN EASTERN MARMARA REGION, TURKEY AND AN OVERVIEW OF TRANSFUSION TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS IN TURKEY
    (Carbone Editore, 2016) Altındiş, Mustafa; Köroğlu, Mehmet; Mutlu, Birsen; Demiray, Tayfur; Dal, Tuba; Şahin, İdris; Özçelik, Ümit
    Introduction: Blood transfusion and component therapies are life-saving medical practices. However these therapies, are not without risks and may lead to the transmission of infectious agents from donor to recipient. Screening of blood donations for infectious agents is necessary to achieve transfusion safety. The aim of the study was to determine the six-years seroprevalence of HBV (hepatitis B virus), HCV (hepatitis C virus), HIV (human immunodeficiency virus), and syphilis in blood donors and to present an overview of transfusion transmitted infections in Turkey. Material and methods: A total of 150,787 volunteer blood donors who admitted to blood centers located in Eastern Marmara Region, Turkey between January 2009 and October 2014 were included in this study. HBsAg (hepatitis B surface antigen), anti-HCV (hepatitis C virus antibody), and HIV-1/2 antibody were detected by using Chemiluminescent Microparticle Enzyme Immunoassay (CMIA) method.. Syphilis screening was performed by using VDRL (Venereal Disease Research Laboratory) test in the first three years and by CMIA-based treponemal test in the last three years. Results: Among the blood donors, 140,536 (93.2%) were male and 10,251 (6.8%) female. Out of all donors, 2,019 (1.33%) donors were positive for at least one screening test. The seroprevalence of HBV, HCV, HIV, and syphilis were 0.8 % (n=1340), 0.38% (n=578), 0,0025% (n=38) and 0,004 % (n=63), respectively. A significant decrease was observed in HBV seroprevalence by years (p <0.005) Conclusion: The risk of transfusion-transmitted infections can be decreased by effectively using questionnaires and screening tests in blood donation centers, HBV vaccination programs, and awareness-raising activities. It is necessary to use improved screening methods for detection of transfusion-transmitted infection agents.
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    In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern Among Stenotrophomonas Maltophilia Strains Isolated From Clinical Specimens
    (Düzce Üniversitesi, 2014) Dal, Tuba; Tekin, Recep; Deveci, Özcan; Demirkaya, Safinaz; Mete, Mahmut; Dayan, Saim; Tekin, Alicem
    Aim: In this study, the determination of in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility rates amongStenotrophomonas maltophilia strains isolated from clinical specimens was aimed.Method: A total of 60 S. maltophilia strains isolated from various clinical specimens sent toDicle University Hospital clinical microbiology laboratory between January 2006 and September2011 were included retrospectively in this study. Urine samples were inoculated onto 5% sheepblood agar and Eosin-Methylene Blue (EMB) agar media, quantitatively; other clinical sampleswere inoculated, qualitatively. Identification of S. maltophilia isolates was performed byconventional methods and fully automated microbiology system. Antimicrobial susceptibilitytests were performed by Kirby-Bauer’s disk diffusion method and by broth dilution.Results: A total of 60 S. maltophilia strains isolated from clinical specimens as 24 urine, 15blood, 11 sputum, four synovial fluids, three cerebrospinal fluids, two wound swabs and onemiddle ear materials. The resistance rates against antibiotics were detected as 85% (n=51) forpiperacillin-tazobactam, 75% (n=45) for levofloxacin, 73% (n=44) for ciprofloxacin, 57%(n=34) for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, 5% (n=3) for meropenem and imipenem, and 0%(n=0) for amikacin.Conclusion: In this study, it was detected that piperacillin-tazobactam can be used as analternative option other than trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, for the treatment of infections dueto S. maltophilia at least in our region
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    A Multicenter Evaluation of Blood Culture Practices, Contamination Rates, and the Distribution of Causative Bacteria
    (Ahvaz Jundishapur Univ Med Sci, 2016) Altındiş, Mustafa; Köroğlu, Mehmet; Demiray, Tayfur; Dal, Tuba; Özdemir, Mehmet Emin; Şengil, Ahmet Zeki; Karabay, Oğuz
    Background: The prognostic value of blood culture testing in the diagnosis of bacteremia is limited by contamination. Objectives: In this multicenter study, the aim was to evaluate the contamination rates of blood cultures as well as the parameters that affect the culture results. Materials and Methods: Sample collection practices and culture data obtained from 16 university/research hospitals were retrospectively evaluated. A total of 214,340 blood samples from 43,254 patients admitted to the centers in 2013 were included in this study. The blood culture results were evaluated based on the three phases of laboratory testing: the pre-analytic, the analytic, and the post-analytic phase. Results: Blood samples were obtained from the patients through either the peripheral venous route (64%) or an intravascular catheter (36%). Povidone-iodine (60%) or alcohol (40%) was applied to disinfect the skin. Of the 16 centers, 62.5% have no dedicated phlebotomy team, 68.7% employed a blood culture system, 86.7% conducted additional studies with pediatric bottles, and 43.7% with anaerobic bottles. One center maintained a blood culture quality control study. The average growth rate in the bottles of blood cultures during the defined period (1259 -26,400/year) was 32.3%. Of the growing microorganisms, 67% were causative agents, while 33% were contaminants. The contamination rates of the centers ranged from 1% to 17%. The average growth time for the causative bacteria was 21.4 hours, while it was 36.3 hours for the contaminant bacteria. The most commonly isolated pathogens were Escherichia coli (22.45%) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) (20.11%). Further, the most frequently identified contaminant bacteria were CoNS (44.04%). Conclusions: The high contamination rates were remarkable in this study. We suggest that the hospitals' staff should be better trained in blood sample collection and processing. Sterile glove usage, alcohol usage for disinfection, the presence of a phlebotomy team, and quality control studies may all contribute to decreasing the contamination rates. Health policy makers should therefore provide the necessary financial support to obtain the required materials and equipment.