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    Amanah and Muslim Identity: Relationships with Religious and Psychological Adjustment in Malaysia
    (Springer, 2020) Tekke, Mustafa; Watson, P. J.; Kayadibi, Saim; Chen, Zhuo Job
    Amanah refers to the accountability of Muslims to their community. In Malaysian Muslim university students (N = 209), an Amanah Scale predicted a stronger sense of identity along with more adaptive religious and psychosocial functioning. Multiple regression analyses identified Accountability to Society as especially influential, but Accountability to Allah exhibited at least some problematic implications. Amanah mediated Identity linkages with some measures of religious and psychological adjustment, but also suppressed Identity relationships with greater self-knowledge and lower anxiety. These data confirmed the importance of communal commitments in Muslim mental health, suggested that accountability may have limited liabilities as well as more obvious psychosocial advantages, and identified possible complexities in the assessment of Accountability to Allah.
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    Measuring Muslim Religiosity and Spirituality: Measurement Invariance of Muslim Attitudes Toward Religion and Muslim Experiential Religiousness Scales Across China, Iran, Malaysia, and Pakistan
    (Educational Publishing Foundation-American Psychological Assoc, 2022) Chen, Zhuo Job; Ma, Zhiqiong; Ghorbani, Nima; Khan, Ziasma; Tekke, Mustafa
    This study examined measurement invariances of the 14-item Muslim Attitudes Toward Religion (MAR) and the 15-item Muslim Experiential Religiousness (MER) scales in 4 Muslim samples in China (N = 191), Iran (N = 346), Malaysia (N = 236), and Pakistan (N = 320). Results supported weak invariance (equal indicator loadings) for both MAR and MER and partial strong invariance (equal indicator intercepts) after freeing intercepts for 3 items of MAR and for 4 items of MER. Regression analyses of the 2 scales with intrinsic religious orientation evidenced the 3-I model of Muslim religious spirituality that Muslim spirituality initiates, invigorates, and integrates expression of Muslim religiosity in its implications for psychological adjustment. Validation of these scales in 4 linguistically and culturally diverse Muslim cultures substantiates the usefulness of these measures for assessing the distinguished but integrated constructs of Muslim religiosity and spirituality. Suggestion for brief and revised scales is also given.
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    The Muslim self: religious and psychological implications of testification and self-development in Malaysia
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Villanueva, Randle Aaron Molina; Özer, Bayram; Tekke, Mustafa; Chen, Zhuo Job
    The Integrative Islamic Personality Inventory (IIPI) is a newly developed measure evaluating Muslim ideal of testification and self-development with four factors: belief in God, awareness of prophetic teaching, self-striving, and self-regard. In a Malaysian Muslim student sample (n = 254), the four-factor structure of IIPI received psychometric support. Belief in God revealed direct associations with religious and spiritual adjustment, but awareness of prophetic teaching displayed some ambiguous implications. Self-striving only displayed linkages with religious functioning. Self-regard was the most consistent variable to exhibit positive linkages with both religious (higher Amanah and Muslim spirituality) and psychological functioning (higher life satisfaction and lower depression and anxiety). These findings supported the importance of submission and self domains in Muslim religious/spiritual functioning and psychological adjustment, while implicating that awareness of prophetic teaching factor needs reevaluation due to construct validity issues.
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    Muslim Verbal and Active Prayer (MVAP): Measurement and Psychological Functioning of Supplications in Islam
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2021) Chen, Zhuo Job; Tekke, Mustafa; Mastor, Khairul Anwar; Kayadibi, Saim
    Prayer is an important aspect of many religions. Existing measures of prayer have mostly originated from the Christian West and emphasized various verbal aspects of making a supplication. An active aspect of prayer, in which the supplicants strive for what they pray, has not received sufficient attention despite being crucial to Muslim belief. Based on the Islamic scholar Said Nursi's conceptualization, the current study developed and validated a 7-item, 2-factor measure of Muslim Verbal and Active Prayer (MVAP). The measure showed good construct validity in two independent Muslim samples (N = 297 and 179) in exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. It demonstrated not only convergent validity, but showed incremental validity predicting religious and psychological adjustment over and above Muslim religiosity and spirituality. In addition, the Muslim prayers invigorated and integrated Muslim religious spirituality in its expression of religious and psychological adjustment. This brief measure has potential to deepen empirical studies of Muslim psychology, and prayer research in general.