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Öğe 2,4-Diklorofenoksi asetik asit (2,4-D) uygulanmış topraktan izole edilen bakterilerin 2,4-d biyokimyasal yıkım kabiliyetlerinin incelenmesi(Artvin Çoruh Üniversitesi, 2020) Kurtoğlu, C.; Ceylan, Faik; Cömertpay, S.; Akyol İ.2,4-diklorofenoksi asetik asit (2,4-D), fenoksi asitler grubuna dahil olan, seçici bir herbisittir. Topraktaki 2,4-D kalıntılarının çevre ve insan sağlığına zararlı etkileri olduğu bilinmektedir. Bu sorunlar ile baş etmedeki en önemli faktörlerden birisi herbisitleri besin olarak kullanıp yıkımını sağlayan toprak bakterileridir. Bu çalışmada, Balıkesir bölgesinde, 2,4-D ile muamele edilmiş tarım arazisinden izole edilen bakterilerin, bu herbisiti yıkım potansiyellerinin spektrofotometrik testler ve HPLC yardımıyla belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Öncelikle, bu bakterilerin protein analizi yöntemiyle moleküler düzeyde tanımlanması amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaç doğrultusunda; seri seçilimlerle elde edilen bakteri kolonilerinin, karbon kaynağı olarak yalnızca iki farklı derişimde (0.1g/L, 0.5g/L) 2,4-D içeren besiyerinde yetişmeleri sağlanmıştır. Yetiştirilen bakterilerin büyüme hızları 14. günde takip edilmiş ve bakterilerin yıkım yeteneklerinin anlaşılması için besi ortamında kalan 2,4-D miktarları aynı süre sonunda ölçülmüştür. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre bu çalışmada 2,4-D’yi yıkabilen bir bakteri bulunamamış, ancak Acinetobacter baumannii, Acinetobacter calcoaceticus ve Stenotrophomonas sp. bakterilerinin 2,4-D’li ortamda büyüyebildikleri tespit edilmiştir.Öğe Biochemical and structural differences between C3 cotyledons and C4 leaves in species of Salsoloideae (Chenopodiaceae)(Nature, 2025) Kocacinar, F.; Ceylan, Faik; Cömertpay, S.C4 plants had evolved from C3 ancestors in at least more than 60 independent lineages of angiosperms, most probably in response to decreasing levels of atmospheric CO2 and environmental conditions promoting photorespiration. Salsola, Petrosimonia, and Cyathobasis genera of Salsoloideae subfamily contain some species with C3 cotyledons followed by C4 leaves. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the biochemical and structural differences between C3 cotyledons and subsequent C4 leaves in these genera. The results showed that there were isopalisade C3 cotyledons in Salsola grandis and isolateral C3 cotyledons in Cyathobasis fruticulosa, while salsoloid type C4 Kranz anatomy was present in subsequent leaves. Petrosimonia nigdeensis had dorsiventral C3 cotyledons and salsoloid-type C4 leaves. The proteins of C4 isoform phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) and pyruvate orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) enzymes were absent or very sparse in C3 cotyledons of these species, whereas they were abundant in their C4 leaves. The proteins of photorespiratory isoform glycolate oxidase (GOX) and glycine decarboxylase-H subunit (GDC-H) were generally higher in cotyledons than leaves. The protein level of photosynthetic isoform ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) enzyme was lower in C4 leaves compared to C3 cotyledons. Transcript levels of these enzymes were generally consistent with their protein content except for GOX in S. grandis and S. tragus and glycine decarboxylase complex (GDC) in S. tragus. As a result, we demonstrated that not only the protein and transcript levels of the enzymes required for C4 pathway increased, but also those levels of C3 and photorespiratory enzymes decreased during the transition from C3 cotyledons to C4 leaves. These results are considered significant in terms of shedding light on the understanding of evolutionary transition from C3 to C4 biochemical pathway in a single plant and contributing to C4 engineering.Öğe Biodegradation of Some Lignocellulosic Wastes during Composting and Their Valorization as Plant Growth Media(Springer Int Publ Ag, 2025) Ceylan, Faik; Arslan, Recai; Akcay, CaglarPurposeThe purpose of this study was characterization of lignocellulosic agricultural wastes biodegradation during composting process and evaluating composts as alternative growth media.MethodsIn this study, agricultural wastes such as spent mushroom (reishi) substrate (SMS), hazelnut pruning waste (HPW), and spent coffee grounds (SCG) were used for composting. K1, K2, and K3 composts were obtained from mainly SMS, HPW, and SCG, respectively. Chemical content and FTIR and TGA evaluation of final composts were compared to initial mixtures or agricultural wastes as controls. Height and dry biomass of tomato seedlings and fresh weight of shoots, fresh yield, and dry biomass of microgreens cultivated in growth media with different proportions of compost fertilizers were compared to those cultivated in peat moss (control).ResultsHolocellulose/lignin of all initial mixtures decreased in final compost fertilizers. Absorption bands belonging to carbohydrates, aliphatic and nitrogen compounds that changed were evaluated between agricultural wastes and final composts. Dry biomass of tomato seedlings in growth media of SMS1 (90% K1 + 10% sand), SCG1 (90% K3 + 10% sand), SCG2 (45% K3 + 45% peat + 10% sand) and 15 + 15 + 15 (compound fertilizer) was higher than the control. Fresh yield of Lepidium sativum microgreens was higher in growth media of SCG1, SCG2, and SCG3 (20% K3 + 70% peat + 10% sand) at 1.890, 1.908, and 1.799 kg m-2 compared to control.ConclusionsBiodegradation of lignocellulosic agricultural wastes could be characterized by chemical and analytical methods. As peat moss is not a sustainable source, all compost fertilizers in this study could be used sustainably as growth media for soilless cultivation.Öğe CONSUMPTION TYPES OF WILD PLANTS CONSUMED AS FOOD AROUND ESKİŞEHİR (TURKEY)(Eskişehir Teknik Üniversitesi, 2018) YÜCEL E.; IŞIK, G.; YÜCEL ŞENGÜN, İ.; KÖSE, Y.B.; Ceylan, Faik; DEMİRCİ, B.; ŞENTÜRK, H.In this study, Eskişehir city and its environment were defined as a study area and wild plants consumed as food in this region were selected as research material. According to the study, 28 wild plants consumed as food around Eskişehir were determined. These plants were identified as Amaranthus retroflexus (Kızılbacak), Beta corolliflora (Kır Pancarı), Capsella bursa-pastoris (Çoban Çantası), Carduus nutans (Devedikeni), Centaurea urvillei (Çoban Çökerten), Chenopodium album (Sirken), Cichorium intybus (Karakavuk), Erodium cicutarium (Çoban İğnesi), Galega officinalis (Keçisakalı), Glaucium corniculatum (Boynuz Gelincik), Lactuca serriola (Acı Marul), Malva neglecta (Ebegümeci), Nasturtium officinale (Su Teresi), Papaver rhoeas (Gelincik), Papaver somniferum (Haşhaş), Polygonum lagathifolium (Madımak), Portulaca oleracea (Semizotu), Ranunculus ficaria (Arpacıksalebi), Raphanus raphanistrum (Turpotu), Rumex acetosa (Kuzukulağı), Rumex crispus (Labada), Silene alba (Toklubaşı), Stellaria media (Bulgurcuk), Taraxacum officinale (Acıgüneyik), Tragopogon dubius (Yemlik), Tragopogon pratensis (Teke Sakalı), Urtica dioica (Büyük Isırgan) and Urtica urens (Küçük Isırgan). The findings of this study have revealed that the wild plants are an important alternative to well known agricultural products and have important potential for the realization of sustainable rural development.Öğe Düzce ve Çevresinde Gıda Olarak Tüketilen Yabani Bitkilerin Tüketim Biçimleri ve Besin Öğesi Değerleri(Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi, 2015) Ceylan, Faik; Yücel, E.Bu çalışmada Düzce ve çevresinde yayılış gösteren yabani gıda bitkilerinin yerel halk tarafından tüketim biçimleri ve bu bitkilerin gıda içerikleri araştırılmıştır.Düzce ve çevresinde, Falcaria vulgaris (Kazayağı), Tussilago farfara (Kabalak), Trachystemon orientalis (Kaldirik), Capsella bursa-pastoris (Çobançantası), Raphanus raphanistrum (Yabani turp), Chenopodium album subsp. album var. album (Sirken), Vaccinium myrtillus (Çalı çileği), Mentha longifolia subsp. typhoides var. typhoides (Yabani Nane), Thymus praecox subsp. skorpilii var. skorpilii (Kekik), Malva neglecta (Ebegümeci), Portulaca oleracea subsp. oleracea (Semizotu), Urtica dioica (Isırgan) olmak üzere 10 familyaya ait 12 bitki taksonu belirlenmiştir. Su miktarı en yüksek Kaldirikte (% 84,9), en düşük Yabani turpta (% 44) belirlenmiştir. Organik madde miktarı en yüksek Çalı çileğinde (% 94) belirlenirken en düşük Semizotunda (% 76) tespit edilmiştir. Protein miktarı en yüksek Yabani turpun yaprağında (% 32,26), en düşük Semizotunda (% 1,59) belirlenmiştir. Yağ miktarı en yüksek Kabalağın yaprağında (% 2,33), en düşük Semizotunda (% 0,33) tespit edilmiştir. Selüloz miktarı en yüksek Kekikte (% 28,1), en düşük Yabani turpun kök kısmında (% 8,35) belirlenmiştir. Tanen içeriğinin en yüksek Isırganda (229,9 g. kg-1 KA), en düşük Yabani turpun kök kısmında (5,2 g. kg-1 KA) olduğu saptanmıştır. Antioksidan kapasite en yüksek Kabalağın yaprak sapında (4,734 mmol TR g-1 ), en düşük Yabani turpun kök kısmında (1,004 mmol TR g-1 ) tespit edilmiştir. Araştırılan tüm bitkilerde, en yüksek mineral madde içeriği K, en düşük Cu minerali olarak belirlenmiştir.Öğe Effects of composts obtained from hazelnut wastes on the cultivation of pepper (Capsicum annuum) seedlings(Nature Portfolio, 2024) Ceylan, FaikMixing animal waste and agricultural waste in certain proportions forms agricultural compost through appropriate air, time, and water supply. One of their use areas is directly used as fertilizer, and the other one is used as a material that can partially or completely replace P (peat) in the PGM (plant growth media). In this study, the initial mixtures with an appropriate C/N ratio and moisture content, which were created by mixing cow manure, chicken manure, hazelnut husk, hazelnut pruning wastes, vegetable and fruit wastes, and dry leaves, were composted for 180 days. The physicochemical properties of the mature composts were determined. Their effects on the fruit yield (weight of fruits) and plant height of pepper seedlings were evaluated in pot and field experiments. N (nitrogen), P (phosphorus), Cu (copper), and Zn (zinc) content were the highest in C4 (2.59%, 1.12%, 83.11 mg/kg, and 605.3 mg/kg). K (potassium) and Mn (manganese) content in C3 (1.79% and 750.5 mg/kg) and Fe (iron) content in C1 (4025 mg/kg) were determined to be the highest. There was no phytotoxic effect of all composts on Lepidium sativum seeds. Except for pH and organic matter, C1 45%, C1 20%, C4 45%, C4 20%, and P 90% met the requirements for ideal media. The mean height of eight-week seedlings increased in media of C1 20%, C1 45%, C2 20%, C2 45%, and C4 20%, but decreased in media of C3 90%. In field studies, while the highest yield was determined in C3 as 1530 g/plant, the lowest yield was 765.5 g/plant in control. The highest mean height was observed in C3 at 76.33 cm; the lowest was 63.03 cm in control.Öğe Glifosat uygulanmış topraktan izole edilen bakterilerin herbisit degradasyon potansiyellerinin belirlenmesi(Ersin Yücel, 2020) Kurtoğlu, C.; Ceylan, Faik; Cömertpay, S.; Akyol İ.Glifosat (N-fosfonometilglisin), kararlı karbon-fosfat (C-P) bağlı, sentetik ve seçici olmayan bir herbisittir. Topraktaki glifosat kalıntılarının çevre ve insan sağlığına zararlı etkileri olduğu bilinmekle birlikte, herbisitleri besin olarak kullanıp parçalanmasını sağlayan toprak bakterilerinden bu zararlı etkileri azaltmak için yararlanılmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi’ne ait, glifosat ile muamele edilmiş tarım arazisinden izole edilen bakterilerin tanımlanması ve bu herbisiti degrade etme potansiyellerinin belirlenmesi hedeflenmiştir. Bu amaçla kullanılacak bakteri kolonileri seri seçilimlerle elde edilmiş ve gen bölgesi sekanslaması ve/veya proteine dayalı tanımlama yapan MALDI-TOF (Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption and Ionization Time-Of-Flight ) yöntemleri kullanılarak elde edilen bakterilerin tür tanımlanması yapılmıştır. Sonrasında, bu bakteriler 0.1g/L, 0.5g/L ve 1g/L glifosat dışında başka karbon kaynağı içermeyen besiyeri içerisinde yetiştirilmiş ve büyüme hızlarının belirlenmesi için 14. günde 600 nm’de absorbansları ölçülmüştür. Ayrıca, bakterilerin glifosat degradasyon yeteneklerinin belirlenmesi maksadıyla; besiyerlerinde kalan glifosat miktarları, aynı süre sonunda 570 nm’de absorbanslarının ölçülmesiyle belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar; izole edilen bakterilerin hiçbirinin glifosatı degrade edemediğini, glifosatın bazı bakterilerin büyümesini olumsuz yönde etkilediğini ve glifosat içeren ortamda büyüme miktarı en yüksek olan bakterilerin Klebsiella variicola ve Klebsiella pneumoniae olduğunu ortaya koymuştur.Öğe Production of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus) from some waste lignocellulosic materials and FTIR characterization of structural changes(Nature Portfolio, 2023) Akcay, Caglar; Ceylan, Faik; Arslan, RecaiIn this study, oyster (Pleurotus ostreatus) mushroom was cultivated from hazelnut branches (HB) (Corylus avellana L.), hazelnut husk (HH), wheat straw (WS), rice husk (RH) and spent coffee grounds (CG). Hazelnut branch waste was used for the first time in oyster mushroom cultivation. In the study, mushrooms were grown by preparing composts from 100 to 50% mixtures of each waste type. Yield, biological activity, spawn run time, total harvesting time and mushroom quality characteristics were determined from harvested mushroom caps. In addition, chemical analysis of lignocellulosic materials (extractive contents, holocellulose, & alpha;-cellulose, lignin and ash contents) were carried out as a result of mushroom production and their changes according to their initial amounts were examined. In addition, the changes in the structure of waste lignocellulosic materials were characterized by FTIR analysis. As a result of the study, 172 g/kg yield was found in wheat straw used as a control sample, while it was found as 255 g/kg in hazelnut branch pruning waste. The highest spawn run time (45 days) was determined in the compost prepared from the mixture of hazelnut husk and spent coffee ground wastes. This study showed that HB wastes can be used for the cultivation of oyster mushroom (P. ostreatus). After mushroom cultivation processes, holocelulose and & alpha;-cellulose content rates decreased while ash contents increased. FTIR spectroscopy indicated that significant changes occurred in the wavelengths regarding cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin components. Most significant changes occurred in 1735, 1625, 1510, 1322 and 1230 wavelengths.Öğe Ülkesel ve Bölgesel Ölçekte Türkiye’nin Bitkisel Atık Miktarları(Duzce University, 2023) Ünlü, Alperen; Arslan, Zübeyde Filiz; Arslan, Recai; Ceylan, FaikÜlkemizde oluşan tarımsal atıklar, miktar olarak oldukça fazla ve çeşitlidir. Yıllık 62.2 milyon ton olan bitkisel atık miktarımız yeterince değerlendirilememektedir. Ülkemizde oluşan bazı tarımsal atıklar hayvan yemi olarak değerlendirilebilmektedir. Ancak, tarımsal atıkların büyük bir kısmı tarlalarda bırakılmakta veya hasat sonrası yakılmaktadır. Ülkemizde atık olarak sorun iken, tarım ve endüstri başta olmak üzere pek çok sektörde değerli bir hammadde olan tarımsal atıkların değerlendirilmesi büyük önem arz etmektedir. Tarımsal atıkların değerlendirilmesi konusunda yapılan çalışmalar sürdürülebilir tarıma, çevre kirliliği kaynaklı ekolojik sorunların azaltılmasına ve ekonomiye katkılar sağlamaktadır. Yapılan araştırmalar sonucunda ülkemizdeki tarımsal atıkların miktarı konusunda ihtiyaç duyulan bilgilerin olduğu bir kaynağa rastlanamamış olup, sadece T.C. Enerji ve Tabii Kaynaklar Bakanlığı tarafından hazırlanan “Biyokütle Enerji Potansiyeli Atlası” (BEPA) adındaki çevrimiçi atlas kullanılarak veriler sağlanmıştır. Elde edilen veriler ile Türkiye’nin yedi coğrafik bölgesindeki tarla bitkileri, bahçe bitkileri ve sebze üretim ve atık miktarları karşılaştırılmıştır. Bu çalışma, Türkiye’deki tarımsal atıkların miktarını bölgesel ve ülkesel ölçekte bir araya getiren ilk çalışmadırÖğe Valorization of hazelnut branch pruning wastes to medicinal mushroom (Reishi-Ganoderma lucidum) cultivation and nutritional quality properties(Duzce University, 2024) Akçay, Çağlar; Arslan, Recai; Ceylan, FaikIn this study, Ganoderma lucidum (Fr.) Karst (Reishi) was cultivated with hazelnut branches (HB) for the first time. Yield, biological activity, mushroom quality characteristics, spawn running time, and total harvesting time were determined with harvested mushroom fruiting bodies. To assess the degradation properties of HB due to G. lucidum, chemical analysis (holocellulose, ?-cellulose, lignin, extractives, ash contents, and pH) of raw materials and cultivated mushroom composts was carried out. The changes that occurred in the structure of hazelnut branches examined occording to their initial amounts. According to findings obtained from the current study, a 57.11 g/kg yield and 10.72% biological efficiency (BE) were achieved. Mean spawn running time (12.33 days), mean earliness (48.1 days), and mean total harvest time (95.1 days) were recorded. K element was the richest in mushroom fruiting body and HB. Nutritional quality properties were found to be similar with literature. After cultivation, holocellulose and pH values decreased while lignin, extractive, and ash contents proportionately increased, but ?-cellulose content was not changed significantly in the study. These findings obtained from the study that hazelnut branch wastes could be usefull for the cultivation of G. lucidum.Öğe Valorization of various lignocellulosic wastes to Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst (Reishi Mushroom) cultivation and their FT-IR assessments(Public Library Science, 2025) Akcay, Caglar; Arslan, Recai; Ceylan, FaikGanoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst (Reishi) has significant pharmacological benefits, and optimizing its cultivation on diverse substrates enhances its commercial viability. This study explored the valorization of various lignocellulosic wastes for cultivating G. lucidum mushrooms, highlighting its potential contributions to sustainable agriculture and waste management. In this research, mushrooms were cultivated using hazelnut branches (HB), hazelnut husk (HH), wheat straw (WS), rhododendron branches (RD), oak wood (OW), beech wood (BW), corn husk (CH), and spent coffee grounds (CG). The biodegradation properties of the mushrooms on the selected substrates were also investigated. HB and RD materials were used for the first time to cultivate and assess the biodegradation properties of G. lucidum. Substrates were prepared for cultivation at varying compositions (91% substrate + 9% wheat bran (WB) and 75% HB + 25% other substrates). The nutritional properties of the mushrooms and substrates, the chemical composition (holocellulose, alpha cellulose, extractives, and ash) of the substrates, and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) assessments before and after cultivation were analyzed. Among the substrates, OW 91% + WB 9% yielded the highest mushroom production (46 g/kg), whereas CH (18.3 g/kg) resulted in the lowest yield, with no significant difference compared to WS (18.5 g/kg). Following mushroom cultivation, the holocellulose content and pH values of the substrates decreased proportionally, while alpha-cellulose, extractives, and ash content increased. Chemical analysis revealed an average holocellulose reduction of 13.5% and alpha-cellulose increase of 32%, alongside substrate-dependent phenolic content variations, with the highest level (3.156 mg GAE/g) observed in beech wood-grown specimens. FT-IR spectra indicated that this method could effectively elucidate the biodegradation properties of G. lucidum on lignocellulosic materials before and after cultivation.
