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Öğe The effect of altitude and closed cone (seed) age on germination in red pine (Pinus Brutia ten.)(Croatian Forestry Soc, 2023) Cetin, BilalThis study investigated changes in the germination rate and germination percentage of seeds obtained from closed pine cones (Pinus brutia Ten.) of different ages collected at different altitudes. The seeds used in the study were obtained from closed cones (3/control, 4, 5, 6, and 7 years old) in the lower (0-200 m) and higher (800-1000 m) altitude zones of the Mersin-Anamur region in a section from the sea to the interior. The seeds germinated in the dark at a constant temperature of 20 degrees C for 28 days. At the end of the germination test, a two-way analysis of variance was performed on the germination percentage data on the 10th, 14th, and 28th days, and the interactions between altitude and cone age were found to be significant (p = 0.05). As a result of the significant interaction between the two groups, the mean separation test (Tukey test) showed that the highest germination rate was 89.0% in the control group, and the lowest was 77.5% in the 7-year-old cones. In the higher altitude zone, the highest germination rate was 74.0% and the lowest was 71.0%, obtained from 5- and 7-year-old seeds, respectively. In general, germination values in the lower altitude zone were higher than those in the higher altitude zone. However, the decrease in germination values from the control to the 7-year-old seeds was greater in the lower altitude zone than in the higher altitude zone. The study found that altitude was more effective than cone age on the germination rate and percentage.Öğe The effect of storage time on germination of Turkish pine (Pinus Brutia ten.) Seeds(Croatian Forestry Soc, 2024) Cetin, BilalIn this study, seeds of the Turkish pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) species, which is most widely distributed in Turkey, were collected from the Anamur and Mersin regions in 2005 from four elevations: 0-400, 400-800, 800-1200 and above 1200 meters (m). These seeds were stored at +2-4 oC and germinated at temperatures of 15, 20 and 25 oC in 2005, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018 and 2020, and the effect of storage time on germination percentage (GP) was investigated. According to the general average, there was no significant change in the GP of the seeds as the storage period increased. However, the effect of storage time on GP varied according to region, elevation and germination temperature. Especially in germination at 20 degrees C at lower elevations, the GP did not change much at the end of 15 years or largely maintained the 2005 germination rates. In the other zones, 80% of the initial germinations were obtained in most of the zones, although there was a slight decrease at the end of the storage period. At 15 oC, the declines in germination were very insignificant in the first years in both sections, but became significant in the following years. At 25 oC, the decline in germination was generally higher than at other germination temperatures, and the declines started from the 5th year onwards, and at the end of 15 years, germination declined between 38.0-61.0%. As a result, after 15 years of storage of Turkish pine seeds, it was observed that at 20 oC the GP was significantly maintained, while at other germination temperatures, the decline in germination increased as the storage period increased. In the storage of the seeds of the species, the storage period should be determined by considering the region and elevation where the seeds were collected.Öğe Effects of Indole-3-Butyric Acid Application on Rooting and Vegetative Development in Hardwood Cuttings of Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poiret) Spach(North Carolina State Univ Dept Wood & Paper Sci, 2025) Cetin, Bilal; Bas, ErenEffects of different concentrations of indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) were studied relative to the rooting success, morphological development, and biomass characteristics of hardwood cuttings of Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poiret) Spach collected from Diizce, Tiirkiye. Using a factorial design involving two cutting thickness classes and six IBA concentrations, the rooting percentage, number of roots per rooted cutting, shoot length, shoot diameter, number of shoots, fresh and dry shoot weight, and fresh and dry root weights were analyzed. The interaction between IBA concentration and cutting thickness played an important role in the vegetative propagation of Pterocatya fraxinifolia cuttings, especially in terms of rooting success, morphological characteristics, and biomass development. In particular, 1000 ppm and 2000 ppm IBA treatments yielded the most balanced and effective results in terms of rooting, shoot and root development, and biomass production. Although the 8000-ppm dose increased shoot biomass, it suppressed root development, indicating a potential phytotoxic effect at high concentrations. Principal component analysis also supported these findings and showed that 1000 ppm and 2000 ppm IBA doses provided homogeneous and healthy development. The results obtained emphasize that the optimal IBA dose should be carefully selected for the sustainable vegetative propagation; especially applications in the range of 1000 to 2000 ppm can provide important contributions to the propagation and conservation of the species.Öğe ISSR Marker Based Genetic Variation Analysis in the Riparian Relict Tree Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Juglandaceae) Genotypes in Türkiye(Pleiades Publishing Inc, 2025) Cetin, Bilal; Sevindik, Emre; Ozkara, Zekiye; Filiz, Ertugrul; Bas, ErenIn this study, ISSR-PCR marker technique was used to determine the genetic variation of Pterocarya fraxinifolia genotypes collected from D & uuml;zce, Samsun, Siirt, Hatay, Kilis, Gaziantep, Kahramanmara & scedil; and Ad & imath;yaman provinces. In this study, 71.95% polymorphism was obtained from 12 ISSR primers. A mean polymorphism information content (PIC) value of 0.3206 was found. The mean gene diversity (H) and major allele frequency values were found to be 0.4078 and 0.6873, respectively. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) dendrogram consists of two groups. In the dendrogram, the clustering of the genotypes proved to be geographically compatible. Genetic matrix distances between genotypes varied between 0.01220 and 0.44118. A total of 80% (eigen >1) of the genotype variation was explained by the first five eigenvalues and 19 genotypes were reduced to two dimensions. As a result, the ISSR marker technique has proved to be productive in determining the genetic variation and phylogenetic relationships of P. fraxinifolia genotypes.Öğe Salicylic acid alleviates the effects of cadmium and drought stress by regulating water status, ions, and antioxidant defense in Pterocarya fraxinifolia(Frontiers Media Sa, 2024) Torun, Hulya; Cetin, Bilal; Stojnic, Srdjan; Petrik, PeterIntroduction: Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poiret) Spach (Caucasian wingnut, Juglandaceae) is a relict tree species, and little is known about its tolerance to abiotic stress factors, including drought stress and heavy metal toxicity. In addition, salicylic acid (SA) has been shown to have a pivotal role in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Methods: The current study is focused on evaluating the impact of foliar application of SA in mediating Caucasian wingnut physiological and biochemical responses, including growth, relative water content (RWC), osmotic potential (Psi s), quantum yield (Fv/Fm), electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, and antioxidant enzymes, to cadmium (Cd; 100 mu M) and drought stress, as well as their interaction. Moreover, the antioxidant activity (e.g., ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities) of the stressed trees was investigated. The study was conducted on 6-month-old seedlings under controlled environmental conditions in a greenhouse for 3 weeks. Results and discussion: Leaf length, RWC, Psi s, and Fv/Fm were decreased under all treatments, although the effect of drought stress was the most pronounced. An efficient antioxidant defense mechanism was detected in Caucasian wingnut. Moreover, SA-treated Caucasian wingnut plants had lower lipid peroxidation, as one of the indicators of oxidative stress, when compared to non-SA-treated groups, suggesting the tolerance of this plant to Cd stress, drought stress, and their combination. Cadmium and drought stress also changed the ion concentrations in Caucasian wingnut, causing excessive accumulation of Cd in leaves. These results highlight the beneficial function of SA in reducing the negative effects of Cd and drought stress on Caucasian wingnut plants.Öğe Seedling Growth and Nutritional Status of Elaeagnus angustifolia and Robinia pseudoacacia as Response to Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and K-Humate(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2024) Toprak, Bulent; Yildiz, Oktay; Sarginci, Murat; Cetin, Bilal; Soysaldi, Burcin BehiyeThis study aimed to reveal the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizae and K-humate on some of the morphological characteristics and growth of Russian olive (RO; Elaeagnus angustifolia L.) and black locust (BL; Robinia pseudoacacia L.). The indigenous mycorrhizal spores (Claroideoglomus claroideum, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Claroideoglomus luteum, and Funneliformis mosseae) collected from rhizospheres of RO and BL trees in afforestation sites located in Central Anatolia. In addition, commercial mycorrhizal mixture and K-humate were used as treatments. Five treatments (1-indigenous mycorrhizal fungi, 2-K-humate, 3-indigenous mycorrhizal fungi + K-humate, 4-commercial mycorrhizal fungi, and 5-control) were assigned in a completely randomized design for both tree species. Four months after the treatments, inoculation rate, above-ground seedling height, fresh and dry weight, root collar diameter, length, fresh, and dry weight, leaf area index, shot-to-root dry weight ratio, seedling height to root collar diameter ratio, and Dickson quality index were determined. Plant and soil analyses were carried out to determine the effects of treatments on plant and soil nutrition. Indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and K-humate combinations had positive effects on the morphological characteristics and nutritional status of the seedlings. The indigenous mycorrhizal and K-humate interaction showed the most pronounced effects on RO growth and nutrition.
