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    The effect of altitude and closed cone (seed) age on germination in red pine (Pinus Brutia ten.)
    (Croatian Forestry Soc, 2023) Cetin, Bilal
    This study investigated changes in the germination rate and germination percentage of seeds obtained from closed pine cones (Pinus brutia Ten.) of different ages collected at different altitudes. The seeds used in the study were obtained from closed cones (3/control, 4, 5, 6, and 7 years old) in the lower (0-200 m) and higher (800-1000 m) altitude zones of the Mersin-Anamur region in a section from the sea to the interior. The seeds germinated in the dark at a constant temperature of 20 degrees C for 28 days. At the end of the germination test, a two-way analysis of variance was performed on the germination percentage data on the 10th, 14th, and 28th days, and the interactions between altitude and cone age were found to be significant (p = 0.05). As a result of the significant interaction between the two groups, the mean separation test (Tukey test) showed that the highest germination rate was 89.0% in the control group, and the lowest was 77.5% in the 7-year-old cones. In the higher altitude zone, the highest germination rate was 74.0% and the lowest was 71.0%, obtained from 5- and 7-year-old seeds, respectively. In general, germination values in the lower altitude zone were higher than those in the higher altitude zone. However, the decrease in germination values from the control to the 7-year-old seeds was greater in the lower altitude zone than in the higher altitude zone. The study found that altitude was more effective than cone age on the germination rate and percentage.
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    The effect of storage time on germination of Turkish pine (Pinus Brutia ten.) Seeds
    (Croatian Forestry Soc, 2024) Cetin, Bilal
    In this study, seeds of the Turkish pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) species, which is most widely distributed in Turkey, were collected from the Anamur and Mersin regions in 2005 from four elevations: 0-400, 400-800, 800-1200 and above 1200 meters (m). These seeds were stored at +2-4 oC and germinated at temperatures of 15, 20 and 25 oC in 2005, 2010, 2012, 2014, 2016, 2018 and 2020, and the effect of storage time on germination percentage (GP) was investigated. According to the general average, there was no significant change in the GP of the seeds as the storage period increased. However, the effect of storage time on GP varied according to region, elevation and germination temperature. Especially in germination at 20 degrees C at lower elevations, the GP did not change much at the end of 15 years or largely maintained the 2005 germination rates. In the other zones, 80% of the initial germinations were obtained in most of the zones, although there was a slight decrease at the end of the storage period. At 15 oC, the declines in germination were very insignificant in the first years in both sections, but became significant in the following years. At 25 oC, the decline in germination was generally higher than at other germination temperatures, and the declines started from the 5th year onwards, and at the end of 15 years, germination declined between 38.0-61.0%. As a result, after 15 years of storage of Turkish pine seeds, it was observed that at 20 oC the GP was significantly maintained, while at other germination temperatures, the decline in germination increased as the storage period increased. In the storage of the seeds of the species, the storage period should be determined by considering the region and elevation where the seeds were collected.
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    Salicylic acid alleviates the effects of cadmium and drought stress by regulating water status, ions, and antioxidant defense in Pterocarya fraxinifolia
    (Frontiers Media Sa, 2024) Torun, Hulya; Cetin, Bilal; Stojnic, Srdjan; Petrik, Peter
    Introduction: Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poiret) Spach (Caucasian wingnut, Juglandaceae) is a relict tree species, and little is known about its tolerance to abiotic stress factors, including drought stress and heavy metal toxicity. In addition, salicylic acid (SA) has been shown to have a pivotal role in plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Methods: The current study is focused on evaluating the impact of foliar application of SA in mediating Caucasian wingnut physiological and biochemical responses, including growth, relative water content (RWC), osmotic potential (Psi s), quantum yield (Fv/Fm), electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, and antioxidant enzymes, to cadmium (Cd; 100 mu M) and drought stress, as well as their interaction. Moreover, the antioxidant activity (e.g., ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, glutathione reductase, peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase activities) of the stressed trees was investigated. The study was conducted on 6-month-old seedlings under controlled environmental conditions in a greenhouse for 3 weeks. Results and discussion: Leaf length, RWC, Psi s, and Fv/Fm were decreased under all treatments, although the effect of drought stress was the most pronounced. An efficient antioxidant defense mechanism was detected in Caucasian wingnut. Moreover, SA-treated Caucasian wingnut plants had lower lipid peroxidation, as one of the indicators of oxidative stress, when compared to non-SA-treated groups, suggesting the tolerance of this plant to Cd stress, drought stress, and their combination. Cadmium and drought stress also changed the ion concentrations in Caucasian wingnut, causing excessive accumulation of Cd in leaves. These results highlight the beneficial function of SA in reducing the negative effects of Cd and drought stress on Caucasian wingnut plants.