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    Dynamic relationship between international tourism, economic growth and environmental pollution in the OECD countries: evidence from panel VAR model
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2022) Gedikli, Ayfer; Erdoğan, Seyfettin; Çevik, Emrah İsmail; Çevik, Emre; Castanho, Rui Alexandre; Couto, Gualter
    The aim of this study is to examine the impact of international tourism on economic growth and carbon emissions by using the Panel VAR model in selected OECD countries. By using yearly data for the periods of 1995 and 2020, we examine the dynamic relationship between international tourism, economic growth, and carbon emissions using the Granger causality test and impulse responses analysis. Although we could not determine the presence of a causal link between the variables using the Granger causality test, impulse responses analysis confirmed that responses of carbon emissions and economic growth to an unexpected international tourism shock are positive and significant. On the other hand, impulse responses analysis results show that responses of carbon emissions and economic growth to unexpected international tourism are positive and significant. The empirical findings also indicated that the responses of carbon emissions to an unexpected international tourism shock are higher than the responses of economic growth to an unexpected international tourism shock and these findings indicate that the negative impact of international tourism on environmental quality is greater than its positive impact on economic growth. Policymakers should take actions and measures to reduce the impact of international tourism on environmental deterioration. Improvements and dissemination of eco-friendly technologies in all tourism activities may help to reduce the negative impact of international tourism on carbon emissions.
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    How an Infectious Disease Could Influence the Development of a Region: The Evidence of the SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak over the Tourism Intentions in Azores Archipelago
    (2021) Sousa, Urea; Castanho, Rui Alexandre; Carvalho, C Lia; Pımentel, Pedro; Couto, Gualter; Batısta, Maria Da Graça
    Aim: After a contagious disease outbreak, as is the case of severe acute respiratory syndromecoronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), societal dynamics shift on an unconventional level. In the lackof a vaccine, social distancing and massive lockdowns are acquired as the most effectivestrategies to contain this new virus. In this regard, the present study was carried out todetermine the influence of SARS-CoV-2 over the Azores territory activities as tourism andconsequent regional development impacts.Material and Methods: Therefore, the study assessed the decision-makers, the public, andtourists' perceptions regarding this disease outbreak by applying testing tools as questionnaires.This study used a sample of 700 participants. The questionnaires were designed, consideringthe necessity to carry out online interviews, and were implemented in the Spring months of2020. After the data from the surveys were gathered, analytical methods and tools were used.Results: The research recognized that during an infectious disease outbreak, people prioritizedspending their vacations at the holiday residence of family or friends (20%) instead of touristicresorts (hotels or rented apartments or houses). Also, the study verified a considerable increasein selecting rural tourism accommodations. Besides, more than half of the study participantsconsidered that the “Clean and Safe” stamp (attributed by the Portuguese Health Authorities)is crucial when choosing accommodation and restaurants (75.8%) as well as for choosing thedestination to visit (50.5%).Conclusion: The study assumes enormous consequences of the SARS-CoV-2 crisis at multilevels, being the tourism activity the most affected in this ultra-peripheral region.