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    Russell's Position on Kant's Conception of Mathematics: On the Causes of a Misunderstanding
    (Bursa Uludağ University, 2024) Birlik, Buşra Aşik
    In contemporary discourse, the debates surrounding the differences between Russell's logicism and Kant's philosophy of mathematics are notably rich. These discussions often reflect a common consensus that the thoughts of these two prominent philosophers are fundamentally opposed. Commentators, while examining the intellectual divergences between Russell and Kant, frequently fail to conduct an in-depth analysis of the conceptual distinctions and contextual differences. Consequently, the philosophical oppositions between the two are often presented in a superficial and sometimes misleading manner. Thus, the manner in which commentators address the intellectual conflict between Russell and Kant reveals methodological deficiencies and misunderstandings. This study aims to investigate the points at which these misconceptions occur and to foster a more accurate understanding of the conflict between the two philosophers.
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    World Societies in the Context of the Philosophy of Technology and Generations of Artificial Intelligence
    (Hakan AKDAĞ, 2025) Özdemir, Muhammet; Birlik, Buşra Aşik
    This study undertakes a comparative analysis and evaluation of world societies in terms of the discourses they have developed in their own languages concerning the philosophy of technology and artificial intelligence (AI). Two fundamental approaches are identified: the Anglo-Saxon tendency referred to as the empirical turn and the Eurocentric tendency that can be indicated by the term humanism. World societies concretize their philosophies of technology and AI discourses either by directly adopting these two tendencies or by generating various new tendencies situated between them. Given that the empirical turn has taken a leading role since the Industrial Revolution and that discussions on AI and its relationship with humans began in the English-language literature in 1950, chronology and rational experience are applied based on the empirical tendency. It is observable that, by the 2020s, even Western European societies have increasingly moved away from a techno-philosophical perspective in which their own populations are regarded as the quintessential example of the human, and have begun to favor alternative approaches. Thinkers such as Alan Turing, Joseph Agassi, Matt Carter, Val Dusek, and David J. Chalmers are significant representatives of the empirical tendency, whereas figures like Martin Heidegger, Jean-Paul Sartre, Jacques Ellul, Claude Kramer, and Luca M. Possati are notable for their conservative and humanist inclinations. Moreover, there are Western European philosophers, such as Alberto Romele, who have begun to view the empirical turn as a more appropriate — even necessary — philosophical framework for Europe’s understanding of technology and AI. Countries that produce AI technologies, such as the United States, the United Kingdom, and China, predominantly adopt the empirical tendency, while countries of the European Union, which have lagged behind in AI production, as well as post-colonial societies in general, tend to prefer conservative and humanist approaches. In Turkey, the Twelfth Development Plan, officially adopted on 23 October 2023, refers to artificial intelligence 53 times. According to the plan, which covers the years 2024–2028, Turkey aims to become a producer of AI technologies. However, it cannot be stated that all the technology philosophy and AI discourses produced in Turkey fully adopt an empirical tendency aligned with this goal. This study attempts to establish a valid, common chronology and consciousness timeline by comparing and analyzing the generations of AI philosophy across world societies. In doing so, it becomes possible to discern which chronological or philosophical generation a particular society occupies in relation to the philosophy of AI.