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    Effect of the Combination of Exercise and Metformin on Osteocalcin, Insülin, Interleukin-6, Glucose Levels, and Body Weights in Rats
    (Wolters Kluwer Medknow Publications, 2024) Beyazcicek, O.; Beyazcicek, E.; Kubur, U. B.; Gok, A.
    Background: Exercise or exercise capacity is a vital physiological function. It is known that certain cytokines support muscle function during exercise and, as a result, increase exercise capacity. Aims:In this study, the effect of metformin administered in combination with exercise on osteocalcin (OCN), insulin, and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels in rats was investigated. Methods: Forty-two male Wistar rats were used in this study. The animals were randomly divided into six groups: control (CONT), only exercise (EXE), metformin_100 mg/kg (Met100), metformin_200 mg/kg (Met200), metformin_100 mg/kg+exercise (Met100+EXE), and metformin_200 mg/kg+exercise (Met200+EXE). A 10-week intervention was conducted, excluding exercise training. During the experiment, the groups receiving metformin application (100 or 200 mg/kg) were administered with metformin. At the end of the study, serum samples were collected from the rats to determine the levels of osteocalcin, insulin, and IL-6 using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. In addition, glucose levels and body weights were evaluated. GraphPad Prism was used for the analyses. Results: The OCN and insulin levels of the Met100+EXE and Met200+EXE groups were found to be higher compared to the CONT, Met100, and Met200 groups (P < 0.05). The IL-6 level of the EXE group was determined to be higher than that of the CONT, Met100, and Met200 groups (P < 0.01). It was observed that both exercise and the individual or combined application of metformin resulted in lower blood glucose levels compared to the CONT group. The mean body weight of the EXE group was higher than that of the other groups. Conclusion: The combined application of metformin and exercise has increased osteocalcin and insulin levels compared to metformin application alone.
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    Effects of Sinapic Acid on Penicillin-Induced Epileptiform Activity in Rats
    (Springer, 2024) Coskun, A.; Beyazcicek, E.; Beyazcicek, O.; Gok, A.
    In our study, we investigated the effects of sinapic acid (SA), known for its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer properties, on penicillin-induced epileptiform activity in rats. Forty-two adult male Wistar rats were divided into groups: sham (Sh), only SA (oSA), control (C), diazepam (Dzm), 10 mg/kg SA (SA10), and 20 mg/kg SA (SA20). Animals were anesthetized, recording electrodes were placed on the left somatomotor cortex area, and a 120-min-long electrocorticogram (ECoG) recording was taken. Rats of four groups (C, Dzm, SA10, and SA20) were subjected to microinjections of penicillin G potassium into the left somatomotor cortex (500 U/2.0 mu l); diazepam and SA were administered i.p. 30 min before the penicillin injection. Levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined by the ELISA. The onset time of the first epileptiform activity, spike-wave frequency (DDS), total DDS, and spike-wave amplitude (DDG) of epileptiform activity were analyzed. It was found that the onset time of the first epileptiform activity in the SA10 and SA20 groups was significantly longer than in the C group. Time-dependent DDS and total DSS in the SA10 and SA20 groups were found to be significantly lower than those in the C group. There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of DDG. The levels of SOD, CAT, and GPx in the SA10 and SA20 groups were higher than those in the C and Sham groups, whereas the MDA levels were lower. In conclusion, SA prolongs the onset latency of the first epileptic activity, reduces time-dependent DDS and total DDS, and causes increases in the SOD, CAT, and GPx levels, suggesting that this drug can be used in the treatment of epilepsy, and it may shed light in future studies.