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Öğe Abundance of Apodemus spp. varies by stand age in coppice-originated oak forest, Thrace, Turkey(Univ Austral Chile, Fac Ciencias Forestales, 2016) Keten, Akif; Beşkardeş, Vedat; Makineci, Ender; Kumbaşlı, Meriç; Anderson, James T.Recently, oak (Quercus spp.) management strategies in Turkey have transitioned from predominantly coppice-regeneration to seed regeneration. However, impacts of this change on the small mammal community is unknown. To address this issue we evaluated abundance of Apodemus spp. (Rodentia, Muridae) in relation to stand age and forest characteristics in the northern Thrace, Turkey. We sampled 43 plots using box-style live traps. A total of 75 individuals (0.125 +/- 0.013 mice/trap nights) was captured. Apodemus flavicollis (n = 69) was the most abundant, although A. agrarius (1) and A. sylvaticus (4) also occurred. Apodemus spp. abundance was superior in older than in younger stands (P = 0.038). The number of specimens was positively related to diameter at breast height (DBH) (y = 0.18 + 0.015x, R-2 = 0.21) and forest floor mass (y = 0.005 + 0.00005x, R-2 = 0.22). Increasing the amount of forest floor mass and mast production will benefit the population of Apodemus spp. Abandonment of the coppice management on oak forests in Thrace may positively affect the local abundance of Apodemus spp., particularly A. flavicollis.Öğe Arthropod diversity in pure oak forests of coppice origin in northern Thrace (Turkey)(Sisef-Soc Italiana Selvicoltura Ecol Forestale, 2015) Keten, Akif; Beşkardeş, Vedat; Kumbaşlı, Meriç; Makineci, Ender; Zengin, Hayati; Özdemir, Emrah; Anderson, James T.Oak (Quercus spp.) forests are among the most important forest types in Turkey. In the past, oak forests were managed through coppice clear-cutting, but in recent decades they have mostly been converted to high forest. This study was aimed at explaining how arthropod diversity is affected during conversion from coppice to high oak forest and during the early stages of coppice succession. We tested the hypothesis that arthropod richness, abundance and diversity in coppice oak sites varied according to stand age and a number of other forest characteristics. Arthropod communities were sampled in 50 plots using four different methods: pitfall traps, sweep nets, sticky cards and cloth shaking. A total of 13 084 individuals were collected and classified into 193 Recognizable Taxonomic Units (RTUs), with the most RTUs and the greatest number of specimens captured by sweep netting. We identified 17 taxa within RTU's with more than 1% of the captured arthropods, which constituted 75% of the total specimens. The number of RTUs varied significantly according to trap type. Arthropod richness and Shannon-Wiener biodiversity index (H') increased with elevation and precipitation. In young (1-40 yrs-old) and middle-aged (4180 yrs) stands, arthropod biodiversity was not significantly affected by stand type, but slightly increased with diameter at breast height and tree height. Forest characteristics, such as the litter layer, understory and crown diameter, weakly influenced arthropod richness and abundance. Cluster analysis revealed that stand types and trap types differed taxonomically. Principal component analysis showed that stand types were clearly separated by the stand parameters measured. Insect families (Formicidae, Thripidae, Lygaeidae, Dolichopodidae, Luaxanidae, Cicadellidae and Ichneumonidae) could potentially be used as indicators of coppice oak conditions. As the coppice oak changes to mature forest, further studies are needed to better assess the relation between arthropods, forest types and structural characteristics of stands.Öğe Biomass estimation of individual trees for coppice-originated oak forests(Springer, 2019) Özdemir, Emrah; Makineci, Ender; Yılmaz, Ersel; Kumbaşlı, Meriç; Çalışkan, Servet; Beşkardeş, Vedat; Yılmaz, HaticeIn this study, individual tree-biomass equations are developed for the different biomass components (foliage, branch, bark, stem, and total aboveground biomass) of Quercus frainetto Ten., Quercus cerris L., and Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl. species, which are the main oak species in coppice-originated oak forests. This research was conducted in northern Turkish Thrace, an important coppice-oak area. A total of 474 oak trees at different development stages over different sites were destructively sampled to obtain biomass models of the major oak species in the region. Two main biomass models are established to estimate the biomass components: according to the diameter at breast height (DBH) alone and according to the d(2)h variable, which is the combined DBH and tree height. The goodness-of-fit statistics of the models are calculated to compare these models. The models that use the DBH alone as an independent variable explain 68-95% of the variation in the biomass of the tree components. After adding the tree height to the model, the accuracy for the bark-, stem-, and total aboveground-biomass estimates increased, while the accuracy of the foliage- and branch-biomass estimates decreased. Different oak species have different biomass components depending on their development stages. The amount of biomass components in the total aboveground biomass and foliage decreased from 20% (SDF) to 4% (LDF), the amount of bark decreased from 17% (SDF) to 12% (LDF), and the amount of stems increased from 42% (SDF) to 66% (LDF) when increasing the mean DBH of the sample plots.Öğe Bird composition and diversity in oak stands under variable coppice management in Northwestern Turkey(Sisef-Soc Italiana Selvicoltura Ecol Forestale, 2018) Beşkardeş, Vedat; Keten, Akif; Kumbaşlı, Meriç; Pekin, Burak; Yılmaz, Ersel; Makineci, Ender; Zengin, HayatiCoppice management results in profound differences in forest structure and composition, which in turn can modify habitat value for bird species. We measured bird species richness and composition at 50 sample plots in pure oak forest stands in northwestern Turkey, which differed in age, cover and height in association with coppice management. We recorded a total of 38 bird species and 699 individuals across all stands. Regression-based multimodel inference showed that structural features of forest stands strongly affect bird diversity and abundance. While canopy cover and tree height affect bird diversity positively, elevation of sampling plots, tree density and tree diameter at breast height (DBH) had a negative effect. In addition, constrained ordination analyses revealed that canopy cover was the most important factor influencing bird species composition. Forest stands that have 42-85% canopy cover, i.e., a few (2009-2580 oak trees) large tall (13.36-15.78 m) trees, were the most preferred habitat by bird species. However, we also found that different bird species favor different stand structural features. Thus, variation in stand structure from maintaining some coppice management across the landscape may be beneficial for rare or endangered species and result in greater landscape level biodiversity.Öğe Effects of parent material, stand type and oak species on defoliation of coppice-originated oak (Quercus spp.) forests in Northern Turkish Thrace(Univ Austral Chile, Fac Ciencias Forestales, 2017) Kumbaşlı, Meriç; Makineci, Ender; Keten, Akif; Beşkardeş, Vedat; Özdemir, EmrahCases of significant defoliation in oak (Quercus spp.) forests have been reported in Turkey and throughout the world. Oak trees are important in Turkish forests and forestry and cover vast pieces of land in Thrace. In this study, in a quest to determine the general health condition of pure oak forests in Northern Turkish Thrace, the defoliation rate of tree crowns was evaluated for 8,769 trees in 336 sample plots corresponding to different geological parent materials, regions, oak species and stand types. The defoliation rates were designated and assessed based on the criteria of the European Union Forest Health Monitoring Program (UNECE-ICP Forests). The defoliation rate was, to a significant extent, affected by stand type, the geological parent material, and oak species. In general, 47 % of trees exhibited defoliation. The highest ratio of defoliation was found in Kirklareli Region, where water deficit was the highest, and the parent material was schist-calcschist. Medium diameter forests (MDF, mean dbh: 8-20 cm, ratio of defoliated trees = 65 %) among stand types, and sessile oaks (ratio of defoliated trees = 53 %) among oak species, had the highest defoliation rates. Achieved results demonstrated that the defoliation classes in observed oak stands have a significant relation with variables concerning stand types, oak species and geological parent materials.Öğe HABITAT USE BY TIT SPECIES IN THE YUVACIK WATERSHED, TURKEY(Parlar Scientific Publications (P S P), 2018) Beşkardeş, Vedat; Keten, Akif; Arslangündoğdu, Zeynel; Anderson, James T.Tits are small insectivorous passerines inhabiting much of Turkey; spatially distributed due to habitat selection. The objective of the current study was to document habitat preference of the tit community in the Yuvacik Watershed in northwestern Anatolian. We tested the hypothesis that tits abundance changed based on habitat types. We sampled a total of 12 plots from 4 habitat types (deciduous forest, coniferous forest, scrub-shrub, and farmland) monthly during 2007. We recorded four (4) tit species: Blue tit Cyanistes caeruleus, Coal tit Periparus ater, Great tit Parus major, and Marsh tit Poecile palustris; 354 individual birds were counted during 12 surveys. Tits were influenced by habitat types in Yuvacik watershed. Coal tit are adapted to coniferous forests. Great tit and Blue tit were distributed widely in coniferous forests, scrub-shrub areas, and farmlands. Marsh tit was associated primarily with deciduous woodland. Elevation, cover percentage, and vegetation height influenced positively the abundance of total and individual species. Three parameters (elevation (m), canopy cover (%), and maximum habitat height (m)) showed differences among habitat types for tit species. Coniferous forests and deciduous forests exhibited similar characteristic, as did scrub-shrub areas and farmlands. Tit species are resident and reproduce in the Yuvacik watershed. Hedgerows in farmland, and mature habitats should be protected and sustained to enhance breeding success of tits.Öğe Hosts and distribution of yellow mistletoe (Loranthus europaeus jacq. (Loranthaceae)) on Northern Strandjas Oak forests-Turkey(2011) Kumbaşlı, Meriç; Keten, Akif; Beşkardeş, Vedat; Makineci, Ender; Özdemir, E.; Yılmaz, Ersel; Çalışkan, ServetYellow mistletoe (Loranthus europaeus Jacq. (Loranthaceae)) host selection and distribution were assessed on Northern Strandjas oak forests to document yellow mistletoe presence on different oak species and investigate the effect of host species and stand characteristics on the yellow mistletoe infection. 2.3% of trees were infected with yellow mistletoe for all species considered. Infection rate was greatest in Sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Fagaceae)) and no infection was detected in Turkey oak (Quercus cerris (Fagaceae)). Oak species, size class, canopy closure, parent material, aspect and elevation were important parameters and significantly affected yellow mistletoe infection in the study area. ©2011 Academic Journals.Öğe Karacaların (Capreolus capreolus L, 1758) Türkiye'nin yaban hayatı açısından önemi(2008) Beşkardeş, Vedat; Keten, Akif; Arslangündoğdu, ZeynelKaracalar (Capreolus capreolus L, 1758) (Cervidae, ARTIODACTYLA) Türkiye'deki Cervidae familyasının (Geyikgiller) en küçük türüdür. Karacaların, diğer Cervidae türlerine göre ekolojik ve biyolojik üstünlükleri, onları Türkiye'nin yaban hayatı ve avcılığı açısından önemli hale getirmektedir. Geçmiş yıllarda yapılan kaçak ve bilinçsiz avcılık sonucu, nesli neredeyse yok olma aşamasına gelmiş olan karacalar yalnızca koruma sahalarında varlıklarını sürdürebilmişlerdir. Günümüzde avlanmanın kısmen daha düzenli hale getirilmesi, kaçak avcılara uygulanan cezaların caydırıcılığı ve insanların doğa konusunda bilinçlenmeye başlaması diğer yaban hayvanları gibi karacaların da sayılarının artmasına neden olmuştur. Bu çalışmada öncelikle karacaların biyolojileri, yayılış alanları, populasyon durumları ve habitatları üzerinde durulmuş ve bu bilgiler ışığında karacaların ülkemiz av ve yaban hayatı açısından önemi ortaya konmaya çalışılmıştır.Öğe Observation on ornithofauna of Kocaeli-Yuvacik dam watershed in Turkey(Triveni Enterprises, 2010) Keten, Akif; Beşkardeş, Vedat; Arslangündoğdu, ZeynelThe objective of this study was to determine the birdspecies in the Yuvacik Dam watershed in the province of Kocaeli, The total area of the study site was 25800 ha, and was subdivided to 60 plots (the size of each plot, 2x2 km). Observations and inventory for each species were carried out. A total of 130 species belonging to 38 genus of 16 orders were identified. Eighty-seven were classified as Passeriformes. Forty two species breed in the region. A total of 21223 birds were counted. According to IUCN criteria, two species, (Ficedula semitorquata (Von H., 1885) and Sitta krueperi (Pelzeln, 1863), were categorized as near threatened (NT).Öğe Yedigöller Yaban Hayatı Geliştirme Sahasındaki İri Cüsseli Memeli Hayvanlar ve Sonbahar Dönemi Habitat Tercihleri(Düzce Üniversitesi, 2016) Beşkardeş, VedatBu çalışma, Yedigöller Yaban Hayatı Geliştirme Sahasındaki iri cüsseli memeli türlerin habitatlarıyla ilişkileri ve tercihlerini OLAP (Online Analytical Processing, Çevrimiçi Analitik İşlem) küplerinden yararlanarak ortaya koymaya çalışmaktadır. Yaban hayatı yönetiminde başarı alandaki türlerin envanterlerinin tespitine, türlerin birbirleri ve habitatları arasındaki ilişkilerin ortaya konmasına bağlıdır. Çalışma sonucunda, alanda kayın daha fazla yaygın olmasına rağmen geyik, karaca, domuz ve ayıların sonbaharda özellikle meşelerin bulunduğu karışık meşcereleri tercih ettikleri ortaya çıkmıştır. Ayrıca iri cüsseli memeli türleri açık meşcerelerden ziyade “2” ve “3” derecede kapalı alanlarda bulunmaktadırlar. Geyiklerin sayısının (59 birey) daha fazla sayıda olduğu 500-1000 m yükselti sınıfında karaca sayısı (122 birey) daha az, karacaların (193 birey) daha fazla bulunduğu 1000-1500 m yükselti sınıfında ise geyiklerin sayısı (41 birey) daha az olarak tespit edilmiştir.
