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Öğe Arbutus unedo L. VE Phillyrea latifolia L. İÇİN AKTİF YANICI MADDE VE TOPRAK ÜSTÜ TOPLAM BİYOKÜTLE MİKTARININ TAHMİN EDİLMESİ(2022) Öztürk, Nuray; Baysal, İsmail; Akbulut, SüleymanBu çalışmada, kocayemiş (Arbutus unedo L.) ve akçakesme (Phillyrea latifolia L.) türlerinin bireylerinde aktif yanıcı madde ve toplam biyokütle miktarını belirlemeye yönelik arazi ve laboratuvar çalışmaları gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre, toplam aktif yanıcı madde miktarı kocayemiş örneklerinde ortalama 396,5 g ve akçakesme örneklerinde ise 324,4 g olarak tespit edilmiştir. Toprak üstü toplam biyokütle miktarı kocayemiş örneklerinde ortalama 1379,7 g ve akçakesme örneklerinde ise 1435,3 g olarak tespit edilmiştir. Kocayemiş ve akçakesme türlerine ait bireylerde aktif yanıcı madde miktarı ve toprak üstü toplam biyokütleyi tahmin etmeye yönelik regresyon modelleri geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen modellerde; dip çap aktif yanıcı madde miktarı ile biyokütle miktarını tahmin etmede en önemli değişken olarak yer almıştır. Ayrıca, boy ve tepe çapı bağımsız değişkenleri de toprak üstü toplam biyokütle tahmininde geliştirilen modellerde yer almıştır.Öğe Description of Bursaphelenchus anamurius sp n. (Nematoda : Parasitaphelenchidae) from Pinus brutia in Turkey(Brill Academic Publishers, 2007) Akbulut, Süleyman; Braasch, Helen; Baysal, İsmail; Brandstetter, Martin; Burgermeister, WolfgangBursaphelenchus anamurius sp. n. isolated from wilted Turkish pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) wood is described. The new species shares several characters with the hofmanni-group sensu Brasch (2001). It is characterised by a body length of 633 (540-749) mu m and 744 (638-867) mu m for males and females, respectively, stout body (a = 29 in male and 27 in female), stylet 14 mu m long in both males and females, lateral field with three lines, length of postuterine branch one-third to one-half of the vulva to anus distance, conoid female tail (c' = 3.4) with a finely rounded or pointed terminus, very delicate and relatively straight spicules 10 (9-11) mu m long with compact capitulum, broad, not distinctly offset condylus and strong rostrum with a more or less rounded tip lacking a cucullus, shovel-shaped bursa and the presence of seven caudal papillae. Bursaphelenchus anamurius sp. n. differs from other species of the hofmanni-group mainly by having smaller, unusually shaped spicules, shorter condylus and no cucullus. The new species can be differentiated from other Bursaphelenchus species morphologically and by means of ITS-RFLP patterns, particularly by digestion of the PCR product with RsaI, HaeIII, MspI, HinfI and AluI.Öğe Determination of pathogenicity of Bursaphelenchus species on different pine species under natural conditions in Duzce(Springer, 2019) Öztürk, Nuray; Akbulut, Süleyman; Baysal, İsmailThe pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus is a pathogen of conifer forest trees. This pest is characterized by the sudden death of infected pine trees. In this study, pathogenicity tests of six native Bursaphelenchus species (B. mucronatus, B. sexdentati, B. anamurius, B. vallesianus, B. andrassyi and B. hellenicus) on three pine species (Pinus pinaster, P. nigra and P. sylvestris) using two inoculum doses under natural conditions were conducted. For each treatment, 8 trees of each species were inoculated. For each tree species 8 trees were used as control groups. Inoculated trees were monitored for a year after inoculation. Monthly oleoresin flow measurements were carried out and external symptoms (foliage coloration) observed. Nematode inoculated trees did not die at the end of the study. The amount of oleoresin flow differed significantly among tree species. Inoculated Bursaphelenchus species did not cause any significant difference in the oleoresin flow between inoculated and uninoculated trees. We concluded that Bursaphelenchus species used in this study were not pathogenic to pine trees growing under natural forest stand conditions.Öğe Effect of Bursaphelenchus spp. inoculation on carbohydrate concentrations of different pine species in forest stands of Duzce Forest Directorate(Scientific Technical Research Council Turkey-Tubitak, 2022) Öztürk, Nuray; Akbulut, Süleyman; Baysal, İsmail; Kulaç, ŞemsettinThe pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) is one of the most important pathogens of conifer forests worldwide that causes the pine wilt disease. This problem has increased the scientific interest in Bursaphelenchus species both in the world and in Turkey. Previously, six Bursaphelenchus species were isolated from wilted pine trees in Turkey. The main goal of this study was to investigate the effects of nematode inoculation on the total carbohydrate concentrations of tree species. Native six Bursaphelenchus species were inoculated on three pine species (Pinus pinaster, P. nigra, and P. sylvestris) under natural stand conditions. Two different doses of nematodes (2000 and 20,000) were used for inoculation. For each treatment, three trees of each species were inoculated. The total carbohydrate concentrations were differed significantly among tree species, nematode species and between nematode doses. The total carbohydrate concentration values were higher in P. pinaster than both P. nigra and P. sylvestris. These results may suggest that pine species responded to nematode inoculation by changing the amount of TCC.Öğe Effect of log seasonality on reproductive potential of Monochamus galloprovincialis reared in Scots pine logs under laboratory conditions(Springer, 2008) Akbulut, Süleyman; Baysal, İsmail; Keten, Akif; Yüksel, BeşirInsect reproduction may be affected by a number of factors including seasonal changes in larval or adult nutrition. The effect of season on the reproductive potential of Monochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) females reared in Pinus sylvestris L. (Scots pine) logs was investigated by constructing fertility tables for each log that differed only in the season they were cut. Population parameters were compared among three seasonal cohorts. The intrinsic rate of increase and most of the associated population parameters of beetles that emerged from logs cut during spring were higher than for beetles emerged from summer and autumn logs. Slight differences were found between summer and autumn cohorts. We suggest that seasonal differences in the nutritional quality of logs caused differences in M. galloprovincialis survival and reproductive potential.Öğe The effect of log seasonality on the reproductive potential of Monochamus galloprovincialis Olivier (Coleoptera : Cerambycidae) reared in black pine logs under laboratory conditions(Tubitak Scientific & Technical Research Council Turkey, 2007) Akbulut, Süleyman; Keten, Akif; Baysal, İsmail; Yüksel, BeşirMonochamus galloprovincialis (Olivier) is the vector of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle, in Europe and Asia. Reproduction is probably the most important event in the life history of insects and may be affected by a number of factors, such as seasonal changes in larval or adult nutrition. In this study the effect of season on the reproductive potential of M. galloprovincialis females reared in black pine logs was investigated by constructing fertility tables for each of 43 pine logs that differed only in the season that they were cut. Population parameters were compared among 3 seasonal cohorts. The intrinsic rate of increase and related population parameters of the beetles that emerged from autumn logs were mostly higher than for beetles that emerged from spring and summer logs. These results suggest that seasonal differences in the nutritional quality of the logs (for immature development) and pine twigs (for adult feeding) may have caused the observed differences in M. galloprovincialis survival and reproduction.Öğe Estimation of Crown Fuel Load of Suppressed Trees in Non-treated Young Calabrian Pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) Plantation Areas(2019) Baysal, İsmail; Yurtgan, Mehmet; Küçük, Ömer; Öztürk, NurayAim of study: Pinus brutia is the most widespread conifer forest tree species in Turkey. It is mainly distributed in fire sensitive regions of the country. The economic importance in wood production and the deterministic role in forest fires fighting activities make this forest tree more valuable and important. This study describes crown fuel load of suppressed trees in non-treated young Calabrian pine stands. Area of study: The study area is located in the Western Black Sea region of Turkey. Sampling plots were located in Hacımahmut Forest Planning Unit. Material and methods: Trees were selected from non-treated young Calabrian pine plantation stands and used to obtain live crown fuel load and characteristics. For this purpose, 30 young suppressed trees were cut and sampled. Main results: In sampled trees, oven dried total live needle biomass ranged between 0.54 kg and 3.19 kg and total live crown fuel load chanced between 1.96 kg and 12.73 kg. Regression models to estimate crown fuel load were developed according to some tree characteristics. Models developed explained 0.79 to 0.89% of the observed variation. Highlights: Regression analysis indicated that the total live crown fuel load was strongly correlated with both diameters at breast height (DBH) and crown base height (CBH).Öğe Fire development from a point source in surface fuels of a mature anatolian black pine stand(Tubitak Scientific & Technical Research Council Turkey, 2007) Küçük, Ömer; Bilgili, Ertuğrul; Baysal, İsmailA total of 28 line and 24 point-source fires were ignited under varying weather and fuel loading conditions in Anatolian black pine (Pinus nigra J.F.Arnold subsp. nigra var. caramanica (Loudon) Rehder) stands. Relationships between the rate of fire spread and fuel and weather conditions were determined with correlation and regression analyses. The rate of fire spread ranged from 0.12 to 1.20 m min(-1) in line fires. In the ignition, transition, and steady state phases of point-source fires, the rate of fire spread ranged from 0.04 to 0.78 m min(-1), from 0.11 to 0.59 m min(-1), and from 0.08 to 0.99 m min-1, respectively. Surface fuel loading ranged from 1.27 to 2.45 kg m(-2) for line fire and from 1.56 to 2.67 kg m(-2) for point-source fire. The results showed that the rate of fire spread was closely related to wind speed and fuel moisture content for line and point-source fires. The linear prediction for wind conditions estimates that equilibrium spread rates may be achieved within 25 min after the ignition of point-source fires.Öğe Forest fires and birds(Kastamonu Univ, Orman Fak, 2017) Baysal, İsmail; Uçarlı, Yasin; Bilgili, ErtuğrulAim of study: To present and discuss the behavior of some bird species and their habitat use during and after forest fires, and propose some suggestions for decision makers for forestry activities and management planning where forest fire intensively occur in forested areas. Area of study: Several forest fires that took place in different regions in Turkey in the last 10 years have been discussed. Some experimental fires conducted over the years were also included in the study. Material and Methods: Concerning the active forest fires; fire type, fuel type, characteristics of fire behavior were noted; head fire, flank and back fire observations were made and, after fire field observations and investigations were recorded. During and after the fire, bird species were observed in the field, identified and its behavior were recorded using binoculars, cameras and a video camera. Main results: Behavior of birds during and after fires were reported and discussed. It was observed that birds exploited the area instantaneously due to the sudden increase of food supply during the fire, and continued to utilize the area as the habitats became more suitable especially after fires. Research highlights: Fire affects living and non-living components of forest ecosystems. Birds are an important living component of the ecosystems that are both directly affected by fires and indirectly affected by changes in their habitats. Developmental stage (juvenile or mature), feeding habits and habitat use of birds are critical characteristics that are referred to in relation to the identification of benefits and losses due to fires.Öğe Forest Fires and Forest Management Plans(Kastamonu Univ, Orman Fak, 2016) Baysal, İsmail; Bilgili, Ertuğrul; Başkent, Emin ZekiThis study discusses the rationality of the integration of forest fires into forest management planning. Forest ecosystems change and evolve constantly. Natural disasters like fire, insects, hurricanes and human interventions are the most important determinants of this change and development occurring in forest ecosystems. Being extremely unpredictable and stochastic events as to when and where to occur and how much area to affect, forest fires are the most important sources of risk and uncertainty. The distinguishing parameters of ecosystem dynamics in forests with frequent fire occurrence such as species diversity, age class distributions, patch dynamics and succession are closely related with fire regime components such as fire intensity, fire severity, fire season, fire frequency and fire cycle. Investigation, understanding and integration of these relationships and interactions into the planning is crucial for sustainable management of forest ecosystems.Öğe Orman yangınları ve kuşlar(2017) Baysal, İsmail; Uçarlı, Yasin; Bilgili, ErtuğrulÇalışmanın amacı: Orman yangınları esnasında ve sonrasında bazı kuş türlerinin davranış biçimleri ve habitat kullanımlarının ortaya konulması ve tartışılması ile ülkemizde yangınların yoğun bir şekilde gerçekleştiği ormanlık alanlardaki ormancılık faaliyetlerinin gerçekleştirilmesinde ve planlamalara konu edilebilmesinde karar vericilere bazı önerilerde bulunmaktır. Çalışma alanı: Türkiye'nin farklı bölgelerinde son 10 yılda çıkmış bazı orman yangınları ele alınmış ve tartışılmıştır. Ülkemizde gerçekleştirilmiş deneme yangınları da ayrıca araştırmaya konu edilmiştir. Materyal ve Yöntem: Aktif orman yangınlarına yönelik; yangın türü, yanıcı madde tipi, yangın davranışı özellikleri ve baş yangını ile kenar ve arka yangınlarına ilişkin gözlem ve incelemeler not edilmiştir. Yangın esnasında ve sonrasında alanda gözlemlenen kuş türleri ve davranışları, dürbün, fotoğraf makinesi ve video kamera gibi cihazlarla kayıt altına alınmış ve tür tespitleri yapılmıştır. Sonuçlar: Çalışmada, kuşların yangınlara karşı göstermiş oldukları davranışlar ve habitat kullanımları yangın esnasında ve yangın sonrası için değerlendirilmiştir. Kuşların, yangın esnasında ortaya çıkan ani besin kaynağı artışından anlık istifade ettikleri, yangın sonrasında ise genellikle daha uygun hale gelen bu habitatları daha fazla kullanmak için alanda bulundukları tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma vurguları: Yangınlar, orman ekosistemlerinde canlı ve cansız çevre üzerinde birçok etkiye sebep olmaktadır. Kuşlar, yangınlardan doğrudan ya da habitatlarında meydana gelen değişimler sebebiyle dolaylı olarak etkilenen önemli canlı gruplarındandır. Kuşların yangınlardan göreceği fayda ve zararın belirlenmesinde, yavru veya ergin olma durumu, beslenme alışkanlıkları, habitat kullanımları, yangının zamanı, boyutu ve türü gibi unsurlar kritik rol oynamaktadırÖğe Orman Yangınları ve Orman Amenajman Planları(2016) Baysal, İsmail; Bilgili, Ertuğrul; Başkent, Emin ZekiBu çalışma orman yangınlarının orman amenajmanı planlamalarına entegrasyonunu temel düzeyde ele almaktadır. Orman ekosistemleri sürekli bir değişim ve gelişim içindedir. Yangın, böcek ve fırtına gibi doğal afetler ile planlı ve plansız insan müdahaleleri, orman ekosistemlerinde meydana gelen bu değişimin ve gelişimin en önemli belirleyici unsurlarıdır. Nerede, ne zaman çıkacağı ve ne kadar bir alanda etkili olacağı bilinemeyen orman yangınları, planlamalardaki en önemli risk ve belirsizlik kaynaklarından biridir. Yangınların yoğun olarak görüldüğü orman ekosistemlerinde önemli orman dinamiklerini temsil eden tür çeşitliliği, yaş sınıfları dağılımı, parçalılık ve süksesyon gibi belirleyici ekosistem parametreleri, yangın şiddeti, yanıcı madde tüketimi, yangın mevsimi, yangın sıklığı ve yangın döngüsü gibi yangın rejimi bileşenleri ile çok sıkı ilişki ve etkileşim içerisindedir. Orman ekosistemlerinin doğaya uygun ve sürdürülebilir bir şekilde planlanmasında, sistemlerin iç dinamiklerinde yer alan bu ilişki ve etkileşimlerin araştırılması, anlaşılması ve planlara yansıtılması büyük önem arz etmektedir.Öğe Pathogenicity of Bursaphelenchus mucronatus in pine seedlings under greenhouse conditions(Tubitak Scientific & Technical Research Council Turkey, 2007) Akbulut, Süleyman; Yüksel, Beşir; Serin, Metin; Baysal, İsmail; Erdem, MahirBursaphelenchus mucronatus, a species closely related to the pinewood nematode (Bur5aphelenchus xylophilus, a quarantine pest), was isolated from several wilted pine trees in different provinces of Turkey. To understand the role of B. mucronatus in these wilting cases, the pathogenicity of B. mucronatus on 3-year-old seedlings of the 3 pine species most widespread in Turkey was investigated under greenhouse conditions. In all, 30 seedlings of each tree species were used for nematode inoculation. For inoculation, 1000-1100 nematodes in 0.5 ml of distilled water were used per seedling. An additional 20 seedlings of each tree species were inoculated with an equal amount of distilled water and served as controls. The first complete wilting case was observed in the fifth week of the experiment. The highest rate of mortality occurred in Pinus sylvestris seedlings (83%), followed by P. nigra (47%). Only 2 seedlings of P. brutia wilted (7%). These results suggested that B. mucronatus was highly virulent to P. sylvestris seedlings.Öğe Pine Wilt Disease: A Threat to Pine Forests in Turkey?(Springer, 2008) Akbulut, Süleyman; Yüksel, Beşir; Baysal, İsmail; Vieira, Paulo; Mota, ManuelThe pinewood nematode (PWN), is the causal agent of pine wilt disease, and constitute one of the most important pathogens of conifer forests. In 1999, this nematode was found and identified for the first time in Portugal and in Europe. The detection of this quarantine pest in Portugal has prompted the need to know more about the distribution of Bursaphelenchus spp. in coniferous trees in Europe in order to describe the geographic range of the species and to act quickly in case of the nematode's unwanted introduction into other European regions. Pine forest has a wide distribution in Turkey, which increases the number of susceptible host trees for the PWN. Because of these reasons, some regions of Turkey were surveyed for the presence of the nematode. Three different species of Bursaphelenchus were found, however, B. xylophilus was not detected. The detection of B. mucronarus, very similar to B. xylophilus biologically and morphologically, is very important. The presence of this species indicates that B. xylophilus could spread easily into the conifer forests of Turkey. Biological characteristics of M. galloprovincialis were compared with M. carolinensis, the North American insect vector, and some of them were found to be similar.Öğe Quantifying the effect of pine mistletoe on the growth of Scots pine(Wiley, 2018) Bilgili, Ertuğrul; Öztürk, Murat; Coşkuner, Kadir Alperen; Baysal, İsmail; Serdar, Bedri; Yavuz, Hakkı; Usta, YetkinMistletoe infection results in substantial growth losses in mistletoe-infected forests. This study reports and evaluates the results of retrospective analyses of radial growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) in relation to the level of infection of pine mistletoe (Viscum album ssp. austriacum). A total of 43 Scots pine trees were destructively sampled from different sites. Of these trees, 14 were uninfected and 29 were infected. Infection classes were determined using six-class dwarf mistletoe rating system (DMRS). All needle and mistletoe biomass were removed completely and weighed for each sampled tree. Subsamples from needles and all mistletoe biomass were taken to the laboratory for oven-dried weight determinations. Five-cm-thick wood discs were cut from the stem at the breast height (1.3m) to determine annual basal area increment for the last 25years. In addition to DMRS, new infection classes were created using mistletoe-to-needle biomass (MB/NB) ratio. The results showed that the radial growth losses could be as much as 41% to 64% at different infection levels. The rate of growth loss in relation to DMRS and MB/NB ratio was similar, but with a larger variability in DMRS values. The results showed that both DMRS rating and MB/NB ratio seem to be important for quantifying growth loss on Scots pine trees infected with mistletoe. The results of this study can also be invaluable in modelling the effects of mistletoe on the growth of Scots pine trees.Öğe Türkiye'de orman kaçakçılık suçları ve kaçakçı profilinin değerlendirilmesi: Akyazı ve Hendek örneği(2009) Yüksel, Beşir; Akbulut, Süleyman; İpek, Ahmet; Baysal, İsmailÜlkemizde halk-orman ilişkilerinin düzensiz oluşu önemli bir ormancılık sorunudur. Bu sorunun istismarının belirgin göstergelerinden biri de ormanları tehdit eden ve tahrip olmasına neden olan kaçakçılık suçlarıdır. Türkiye ölçeğinde Akyazı ve Hendek, benzerlerine göre, daha fazla orman ve özellikle kaçakçılık suçlarının yoğun olduğu işletme müdürlüklerindendir. Bu yörelerde altı farklı köyde 107 kişi üzerinde anket yapılarak kaçakçı profili değerlendirilmiştir. Araştırma konusu işletme müdürlüklerinin verilerine göre orman kaçakçılık suçlarının son yıllarda azalma gösterdiği tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan incelemelerde, orman kaçakçılık suçlarını gerçekleştiren kişilerin Akyazı'da % 72,73'ü ve Hendek yöresinde ise % 64'ünün hiçbir zaman yakalanmadığı saptanmıştır. Bu eylemin en önemli nedenlerinin başında ekonomik sıkıntılar ve kolay para kazanma isteğinin olduğu belirlenmiştir. Aynı verilere göre, ankete Akyazı'dan katılanların % 65,52'si, Hendek'ten katılanların ise % 85,71'i kaçakçılık faaliyetlerini bırakmayacaklarını belirtmişlerdir. Sonuç olarak, kaçakçılık suçunun işlenmesinin temelinde eğitim ve ekonomik sorunlar bulunmaktadır. Bunu sadece ormancılığa bağlı ekonomik katkılar ile çözmek mümkün görülmemektedir. Ancak, kolay para olarak görülen kaçakçılık eğiliminin ilçe ve il boyutu da incelenmeli ve ormanların korunmasına yönelik denetim ile birlikte otokontrol (ihbar) faaliyetleri geliştirilmelidir.
