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    Association of Fine Motor Loss and Allodynia in Fibromyalgia: An fNIRS Study
    (Routledge Journals, Taylor & Francis Ltd, 2018) Eken, Aykut; Gökçay, Didem; Yılmaz, Cemre; Baskak, Bora; Baltacı, Ayşegül; Kara, Murat
    Recent studies showed that fine motor control dysfunction was observed in fibromyalgia (FM) syndrome as well as allodynia. However, brain signatures of this association still remain unclear. In this study, finger tapping task (FTT) and median nerve stimulation (MNS) were applied to both hands of 15 FM patients and healthy controls (HC) to understand this relationship. Hemodynamic activity was measured simultaneously using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Experiments were analyzed separately by using 2x2 repeated measures ANOVA. Results for the FTT experiment revealed that HC showed higher activity than FM patients in bilateral superior parietal gyrus (SPG), left supramarginal gyrus (SMG) and right somatosensory cortex (SI). Furthermore, right-hand FTT resulted in higher activity than left-hand FTT in left SPG, left SI and right motor cortex (MI). In the MNS experiment, FM patients showed higher activity than HC in bilateral SPG, right SMG, right SI and right middle frontal gyrus (MFG). Negative correlation was observed in left SPG between FTT and MNS activities. Besides, MNS activity in left SPG was negatively correlated with left-hand pain threshold.This study revealed that left SPG might be an important indicator to associate fine motor loss and allodynia in FM.
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    Differential efficiency of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation in dominant versus nondominant hands in fibromyalgia: placebo-controlled functional near-infrared spectroscopy study
    (Spie-Soc Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 2018) Eken, Aykut; Kara, Murat; Baskak, Bora; Baltacı, Ayşegül; Gökçay, Didem
    Using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS), modulation of hemodynamic responses by transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) during delivery of nociceptive stimulation was investigated in fibromyalgia (FM) patients and healthy controls for both hands. Two experiments were conducted: (1) median nerve stimulation with TENS and (2) painful stimulation using electronic von Frey filaments with TENS/placebo TENS. Mean Delta HbO(2) brain activity was compared across groups and conditions using factorial ANOVA. Dominant (right) hand stimulation indicated significant interactions between group and condition in both hemispheres. Post hoc results revealed that FM patients showed an increased activation in "pain + TENS" condition compared to the "pain + placebo TENS" condition while the brain activity patterns for these conditions in controls were reversed. Left-hand stimulation resulted in similar TENS effects (reduced activation for "pain + TENS" than " pain + placebo TENS") in both groups. TENS effects in FM patients might be manipulated by the stimulation side. While the nondominant hand was responsive to TENS treatment, the dominant hand was not. These results indicate that stimulation side might be an effective factor in FM treatment by using TENS. Future studies are needed to clarify the underlying mechanism for these findings. (c) 2017 Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE).
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    The Utility of fNIRS Signals versus Self-Report for Classification of Fibromyalgia Syndrome
    (Ieee, 2017) Eken, Aykut; Gökçay, Didem; Baskak, Bora; Baltacı, Ayşegül; Kara, Murat
    Fibromyalgia (FM) is a widespread painful disease that has a 2-8% prevalence. Its diagnosis is generally performed by American College of Rheumatology (ACR) criteria. However, these criteria are subjective and their reliability is controversial. In this study, painful stimulation and Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) were applied to both hands of healthy controls and FM patients and hemodynamic responses was measured by using Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS). Features extracted from hemodynamic responses and self-report data were used with 4 different classifiers and 14 different parameters. In conclusion, classification performed by objective data collected from fNIRS signals (95%) gave higher accuracy than classification performed by subjective self-report data (83%). This study showed that painful stimulation and TENS application can be used to diagnose Fibromyalgia disease by using fNIRS.
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    Verbal fluency deficits in patients with schizophrenia, psychotic bipolar disorder and their unaffected relatives
    (Elsevier, 2014) Baskak, Bora; Kızıl, Erguvan T. Özel; Yarar, Esra Zıvralı; Ateş, Fatma Ebru; Cihan, Burçin; Uran, Pınar; Baştuğ, G.
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