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Öğe Characterization of cement-based spacers for high performance concretes(Elsevier, 2022) Çomak, Bekir; Aykanat, Batuhan; Aydın, Sait; Emiroğlu, MehmetDue to the increasing trend towards high-performance concretes in recent years, cement-based spacers are becoming increasingly important instead of plastic-made ones in buildings. Cement-based concrete spacers with high resistance and durability have been produced, and their performance has been assessed in this study. Fly ash and blast furnace slag have been preferred as aggregate in this study due to their positive contributions to mechanical characteristics and to provide an environmental-friendly production. Seven different mixtures, including the reference mixture, were prepared. Flow diameter and density tests were applied on the freshly prepared mixtures, while unit weight, porosity, compressive strength, and loading tests were performed on the hardened samples. In conclusion, produced concrete spacers have met the requirements of standards, and the best performance in terms of compressive strength has been obtained by using a binary combination of fly ash and blast furnace slag.Öğe Cyclic behavior of autoclaved aerated concrete block infill walls strengthened by basalt and glass fiber composites(Elsevier Sci Ltd, 2021) Arslan, Mehmet Emin; Aykanat, Batuhan; Subasi, Serkan; Marasli, MuhammedIn this study, the effects of 10 mm bilaterally applied basalt and glass fiber reinforced (BRC and GRC) cementitious plasters with different fiber content (1.0%, 2.0% and 3.0%) on the behavior of the autoclaved aerated concrete (AAC) block infill walls were investigated. For this purpose, 8 infill walls with dimensions of 150 x 150 x 20 cm were produced to examine the behavior of the infill walls under reversed cyclic loading. The load carrying capacities, stiffness degradation and energy dissipation capacities of the infill walls placed in a steel frame with hinges on all four corners were determined by using hysteretic load-displacement curves to evaluate effects of fiber reinforced cementitious plaster. The test results show that BRC and GRC plaster applications considerably increase the load carrying and energy dissipation capacities of the infill walls. However, the experimental results illustrated that the usage of BRC plasters in strengthening of the AAC block infill walls needs more attention. Having similar results for different fiber ratios in the use of GRC reveals that it may be more rational to use 1.0% fiber content for the most economical solution for strengthening. Although the results obtained in this study are valid for infill walls, the experimental results show that GRC plasters can also be used in strengthening of masonry walls. It is recommended that this method can be used quickly and effectively in strengthening of masonry structures, which occupy an important place in the existing building stock.Öğe DETERMINATION OF COLOR HOMOGENEITY BY IMAGE PROCESSING IN CEMENT BASED MORTARS(Serban Solacolu Foundation, 2021) Çomak, Bekir; Bideci, Alper; Aykanat, Batuhan; Bideci, Özlem ŞallıWith the development of computer technologies in recent years, the usage of image processing techniques in different areas have significantly increased. Image processing is the computer study for altering the measured or saved digital image data in a manner to fit for a purpose in an electronical media. In this study, by adding red iron oxide pigment (RIOP) into cement mortars in 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% ratios, physical and mechanical characteristics of the mortars were analysed, and color homogenization of them were determined by image processing method. On the manufactured samples, consistency, density, water absorption, porosity, compressive strength, flexural strength tests and image processing analysis by open source coded ImageJ programme were performed. Also, SEM-EDS analyses were performed in order to determine the inner structure characteristics of the samples. As a result of this study, changes in physical and mechanical characteristics of the mortars have been observed in different ratios. When it is desired to obtain a red colored mortar, it is determined by image processing analysis that 6% of red iron oxide pigment (RIOP) addition to the mortar mixture would give the optimum result.Öğe Determination of homogeneity index of cementitious composites produced with eps beads by image processing techniques(Techno-Press, 2022) Çomak, Bekir; Aykanat, Batuhan; Bideci, Özlem Şallı; Bideci, AlperWith the improvements in computer technologies, utilization of image processing techniques has increased in many areas (such as medicine, defence industry, other industries etc.) Many different image processing techniques are used for surface analysis, detection of manufacturing defects, and determination of physical and mechanical characteristics of composite materials. In this study, cementitious composites were obtained by addition of Grounded Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBFS), Styrene Butadiene polymer (SBR), and Grounded Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag and Styrene Butadiene polymer together (GGBFS+SBR). Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) beads were added to these cementitious composites in different ratios (20%, 40% and 60%). The mechanical and physical characteristics of the composites were determined, and homogeneity indexes of the composites were determined by image processing techniques to determine EPS distribution forms in them. Physical and mechanical characteristics of the produced samples were obtained by applying consistency, density, water absorption, compressive strength (7 and 28 days), flexural strength (7 and 28 days) and tensile splitting strength (7 and 28 days) tests on them. Also, visual examination by using digital microscope, and image analysis by using image processing techniques with open source coded ImageJ program were performed. As a result of the study, it is determined that GGBFS and SBR addition strengthens the adhesion sites formed as it increases the adhesion power of the mixture and helps to get rid of the segregation problem caused by EPS. As a result of the image processing analysis it is demonstrated that GGBFS and SBR addition has positive contribution on homogeneity index. Copyright © 2022 Techno-Press, Ltd.Öğe Effects of basalt and glass fiber composites usage for strengthening on the cyclic behavior of brick infill walls(Elsevier, 2022) Arslan, Mehmet Emin; Aykanat, Batuhan; Ayyıldız, Mehmet Ali; Subaşı, Serkan; Maraşlı, MuhammedIn the current study, the effects of 10 mm bilaterally applied basalt fiber reinforced concrete (BRC) and glass fiber reinforced concrete (GRC) plasters with different fiber content (1.0%, 2.0% and 3.0%) on the behavior of the brick infill walls were investigated. For this purpose, strengthened brick infill walls placed in a hinged steel frame on all four corners were examined comparatively with their non-plastered and ordinary cement plastered conditions under cyclic loading. The load carrying capacities, displacement ductility, stiffness degradation and energy dissipation capacities of infill walls were determined using obtained results. The test results showed that brick walls with 1.0% glass fiber and 2.0% basalt fiber content showed the best performance in terms of load carrying and energy dissipation capacity. Also brick wall with 1.0% glass fiber content has the lowest stiffness degradation decrease at the ultimate drift ratio. In addition to all these, it has been observed that the mechanical behavior of the walls strengthened with plasters containing different percentages of fiber has improved considerably compered to non-plastered and ordinary cement plastered brick walls. This situation reveals that basalt and glass fiber plasters can be used to strengthen the walls. It is recommended that this method can be used quickly and effectively in the reinforcement of masonry structures, which have a large amount in the existing building stock.Öğe Effects of Different Wall Openings on the Cyclic Behavior of Aerated Concrete Block Infilled RC Frames(Budapest Univ Technology Economics, 2023) Aykanat, Batuhan; Arslan, Mehmet Emin; Sen, AnilIn the current study, the effects of infilled reinforced concrete (RC) frames with different window and door openings under cyclic loads were investigated. For this purpose, five in-filled RC frames with different infill wall openings were produced. The main parameters to evaluate overall performance of the RC frames with infill walls, the load carrying capacities, displacement ductility, stiffness degradation and energy dissipation capacities were determined using obtained results. At the end of the study, even if the opening ratios are the equal, it has been observed that the location and number of openings have a significant effect on the behavior and failure pattern of the RC frames. Also, increase in the openings ratio decreases the load carrying capacity, and energy consumption capacity. Based on these results, it is suggested that infill walls affect the structural behavior and failure pattern. Therefore, infill wall openings should be considered in the design of RC structures.Öğe Effects of glass fiber usage on fracture energy and mechanical behavior of concrete: An experimental approach(2023) Arslan, Mehmet Emin; Aykanat, Batuhan; Emiroğlu, MehmetIn this study, the fracture and mechanical behavior of glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) are investigated comparatively. For this purpose, three-point bending tests were carried out on notched beams produced using GFRC with 1, 2, and 3 kg/m3 fiber contents and the dimension of 6, 12, and 24 mm to determine the fracture energy. Fracture energy values of the GFRC specimens were calculated by analyzing load versus crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) curves. Compressive strength was determined using cube samples with the dimension of 150x150mm. Tensile strength and Modulus of elasticity were determined using notched beams with the dimensions of 480x100x50 mm. Also, notched beams were produced and tested in accordance with RILEM recommendations. In addition, microstructural analyses were performed based on Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy examinations. The results showed that the effects of fiber contents on fracture energy were very significant. However, the effect of fiber addition on the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity values was not significant.Öğe Environmental life cycle assessment of rockwool filled aluminum sandwich facade panels in Turkey(Elsevier, 2022) Yılmaz, Emrah; Aykanat, Batuhan; Çomak, BekirAs composite materials combine multiple outstanding characteristics together such as lightweight, high resistance and durability, their consumption in the industry has been growing rapidly. This consumption causes environmental concerns due to raw material, energy and natural resource requirements through entire life cycle of composite materials in stages such as production, transportation, usage and disposal. Thus, assessment of environmental impact of composite materials gains more importance. This study provides a comprehensive life cycle inventory (LCI) data for the production process of 50 mm, 60 mm and 80 mm thick rockwool filled aluminum sandwich (RWFAS) facade panels. Environmental impacts of RWFAS panels from cradle to gate (optional) have been calculated by SimaPro software in accordance with ISO14040 and ISO14044 standards by life cycle assessment (LCA) method. As a result of the study, it was found that the most important environmental impacts have been caused by the production stage, and most of these impacts have been due to the use of aluminum sheet in the production process. When all panels were compared, it was determined that 80 mm thick RWFAS panel had the highest values in all environmental impact categories when compared with other sandwich panels.Öğe Field Investigation on Reinforced Concrete and Masonry Buildings Damages after November 23, 2022 Golyaka (Duzce) Earthquake(World Scientific Publ Co Pte Ltd, 2023) Aykanat, Batuhan; Erturk, Esin; Altunisik, Ahmet Can; Aslan, Mehmet EminA strong earthquake with a moment magnitude of Mw=5.9 according to the Disaster and Emergency Management Authority (AFAD) occurred at 04:08 local time on November 23, 2022, in Golyaka district of Duzce province that is located in the Western Black Sea region of Turkey. The earthquake with a shallow focus is 0.82 km away from Kemeryani village of Golyaka district, which is the nearest settlement. According to observation data, the highest acceleration value of the earthquake was measured as 407.76 gal (0.410 g) in the East-West component measured from the 8102 coded Duzce Central accelerometer station, which is one of the five accelerometer stations closest to the earthquake zone. There was no loss of life in the earthquake, in which 93 people were injured. However, damages occurred due to the earthquake in structures that were built before the year 2000 and did not receive good engineering and supervision services. It has been determined that the structures built after the year 2000 received good engineering and supervision services performed better. The purpose of this study is to ensure that the experience gained as a result of the investigations about the earthquake that occurred will be made permanent and usable. For this purpose, damage and collapses that occurred on the buildings due to earthquake are examined based on field investigation. The types and causes of damage that occurred on both reinforced concrete and masonry buildings are evaluated in detail with considering the conditions of the existing Turkey Building Earthquake Design Code. The seismological characteristics of the earthquake are also evaluated. In addition, the earthquake hazard of Duzce Province is evaluated together with the earthquakes experienced in the past years, which caused significant loss of life and property in the region.Öğe Field Observations and Numerical Investigations on Seismic Damage Assessment of RC and Masonry Minarets During the February 6th, 2023, Kahramanmaraş (Mw 7.7 Pazarcık and Mw 7.6 Elbistan) Earthquakes in Türkiye(Taylor & Francis Inc, 2024) Atmaca, Barbaros; Atmaca, Esin Erturk; Roudane, Boudjamaa; Gules, Osman; Demirkaya, Eren; Aykanat, Batuhan; Altunisik, Ahmet CanOn February 6, 2023, two massive earthquakes struck the EasternAnatolian Fault Line (EAF) at 9-hour intervals. The Mw 7.7 and Mw 7.6 earthquakes were located in Pazarcik and Elbistan districts inKahramanmaras province. These earthquakes directly damaged 11 provinces in Eastern and Southeastern Anatolia (Kahramanmaras,Hatay, Adyaman, Osmaniye, Gaziantep, Sanlurfa, Malatya, Diyarbakir,Adana, Kilis, and Elazig), causing substantial loss of life and property. This study aims to present the field investigation of reinforced concrete (RC) and masonry minarets in 11 cities around the area after these earthquakes and the structural performance and collapse mechanism of two minarets selected as case studies. For this purpose, the damaged or collapsed minarets in the region affected by the earthquakes were determined and the reasons were explained. In addition, an RC and a masonry minaret in the Islahiye district were chosen as case studies, and finite element models (FEM) were created.The validity and correctness of the reasons for damages determined by field observations were further demonstrated by numerical findings.It was determined that nearly all of the damaged and collapsed minarets did not obtain proper engineering services. Additionally, it is believed that the lack of any norms or regulations for these unique constructions is a significant weakness that places engineers in a challenging situation throughout the design phaseÖğe Gaz Beton Dolgu Duvar Pencere Boşluklarının Betonarme Çerçeve Davranışına Etkilerinin Deneysel Olarak İncelenmesi(2022) Arslan, Mehmet Emin; Aykanat, Batuhan; Şen, AnılDolgu duvarlar, genel olarak iç mekânları bölmek, ısı ve ses yalıtımı sağlamak için betonarme yapılarda yaygın olarak kullanılan bir yapı elemanıdır. Taşıma kapasitelerinin düşük olması sebebiyle, yapısal olmayan bileşenler olarak kabul edilmekte ve sadece sabit yük olarak dikkate alınmaktadırlar. Ancak yapılan çalışmalar, dolgu duvarların yapı davranışını önemli ölçüde etkilediği görülmüştür. Bunun yanında, dolgu duvarlarda, havalandırma ve aydınlatma gereksinimleri için kapı ve pencere boşlukları bırakılmak zorundadır. Bu durumda, çerçeve davranışı da bununla paralel olarak değişiklik gösterecektir. Bu nedenle bu çalışmada, farklı boyutlarda pencere açıklıkları ve boşluklar içeren dolgu duvarlı betonarme çerçevelerin çevrimsel yükler altındaki yapısal davranışı deneysel olarak incelenmiştir. Bu amaçla 3 adet ½ ölçekli, betonarme çerçeve üretilmiştir. Bunlardan bir tanesi boşluksuz, diğer ikisi ise aynı duvar pencere boşluk alanında, farklı biçim ve boşluk konumu sahip olacak şekilde üretilmiştir. Üretilen çerçeveler, FEMA 461’de önerilen yükleme protokolü kullanılarak çevrimsel yükler altında deney tabi tutulmuşlardır. Deneylerden elde edilen bulgular kullanılarak dolgu duvarlı çerçevelerin taşıma kapasiteleri, enerji tüketme kapasiteleri ve kırılma biçimleri belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen bulgular, dolgu duvar boşluklarının biçim ve konumlarının çerçeve davranışını önemli ölçüde değiştirdiğini ortaya koymuştur.Öğe Kompozit malzeme üretiminde kullanılan polyesterlerin mekanik, termal ve kimyasal özelliklerine başlatıcı etkisinin incelenmesi(Gazi Univ, Fac Engineering Architecture, 2018) Eren, Şevki; Poyraz, Bayram; Gökçe, Neslihan; Şamandar, Ayhan; Aykanat, Batuhan; Subaşı, SerkanBu çalışmada farklı oranlarda başlatıcı kullanılarak, kompozit malzeme üretiminde kullanılan polyesterlerin fiziksel, kimyasal, termal ve mekanik özellikleri incelenmiştir. Çalışma kapsamında, izoftalik ve ortoftalik polyester reçineleri kullanılmıştır. Reçinelerin içerisine %1,0, %1,5, %2 ve %2,5 (v/v) oranlarında metil etil keton peroksit (MEKP) başlatıcı olarak ilave edilirken, %1,0, oranında da kobalt oktoat (C16H30CoO4) reaksiyon hızını ve verimini artırmak için katalizör olarak ilave edilmiştir. Çalışmada fiziksel özellikleri belirlemek için jelleşme sıcaklığı, jelleşme süresi, pik ekzoterm sıcaklığı ve viskozite analizleri yapılmıştır. Kompozitlerin termal kararlılığı termogravimetrik (TGA) analizler ile belirlenmiştir. Polimerizasyon sonucundaki moleküler etkileşimleri incelemek için FT-IR cihazı kullanılmıştır. Çekme dayanımı, çekme Emodülü, eğilme dayanımı ve eğilme E-modülünü belirlemek için Universal test cihazı kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak; başlatıcı oranının kompozitlerin mekanik özelliklerini etkilediği gözlenmiştir. Başlatıcı oranı ve mekanik özellikler arasındaki ilişki incelendiğinde ise, izoftalik reçineden oluşan kompozitlerin mekanik dayanımlarının, ortoftalik reçineden oluşan kompozitlerden genel olarak daha yüksek olduğu belirlenmiştir. Dayanım değerleri açısından ise optimum başlatıcı oranının izoftalik ve ortoftalik reçineden elde edilen kompozit için %1 olduğu görülmüştür.Öğe Response of nonconforming RC shear walls with smooth bars under quasi-static cyclic loading(Springer, 2022) Olabi, Muhammed Nadir; Çağlar, Naci; Arslan, Mehmet Emin; Öztürk, Hakan; Demir, Aydın; Dok, Gökhan; Aykanat, BatuhanIn this study, an experimental investigation is conducted to determine the behavior of RC shear walls found in old and existing buildings that do not comply with the design rules in modern earthquake standards. Scaled reinforced concrete shear wall specimens are built with smooth bars and low concrete quality. The dimensions of the shear wall specimens were selected with an aspect ratio bigger than two as 2500, 1050, and 150 mm for the height, length, and thickness, respectively. Four specimens are representative of nonconforming shear walls, and one wall is used as a reference specimen which was designed in accordance with recent building codes using deformed bars. The behavior of the shear walls is determined experimentally by displacement-lateral load relationship under lateral cyclic loading. The study used measurable parameters to investigate the behavior of the test specimens in terms of lateral force capacity, rigidity, ductility, dissipated energy, and displacement components contribution to the total lateral response of the walls. The results showed a substantial loss of stiffness, ductility and energy dissipation capabilities for the tested nonconforming shear walls. Moreover, it is proven in this study that these specimens are governed by the bar slip phenomena which demonstrated more than 80% contribution to the total lateral displacement capacity. In contrast, the reference shear wall exhibited a notable flexural behavior and plastic hinge formation. Additionally, the shear walls built with smooth reinforcement bars lost about 44% of their theoretical potential flexural capacity due to the observed bar slip failure.Öğe Seismic damage assessment based on site observation following the Düzce (Gölyaka) earthquake (Mw = 5.9, November 23, 2022)(2022) Arslan, Mehmet Emin; Aykanat, Batuhan; Altunışık, Ahmet Can; Ertürk, EsınOn November 23, 2022, at 04:08 local time, the Gölyaka district of Düzce, which is located in the west of the Black Sea Region of Turkey, struck an earthquake with a magnitude of Mw = 5.9. A total of 181 reinforced and masonry buildings were severely damaged due to the earthquake and it is reported that need to be demolished urgently throughout the province of Düzce. In this study, the seismological characteristics and recorded ground motion accelerograms of the earthquake are evaluated. The case studies of damaged reinforced concrete and masonry buildings because of the earthquake are also investigated. The factors that cause the buildings to be damaged during the earthquake are evaluated based on site observations.Öğe Sıkıştırılmış kil duvarların yapısal davranışlarının ve durabilite özelliklerinin deneysel olarak belirlenmesi(Düzce Üniversitesi, 2024) Aykanat, Batuhan; Arslan, Mehmet EminSıkıştırılmış kil duvarların yığma yapıların imalatında kullanımı hızla yaygınlaşmaktadır. Bunun en önemli nedenleri, killi toprağa kolay ulaşılması, yapım maliyetlerinin düşük olması ve çevre dostu bir malzeme olmasıdır. Bunun yanında kullanım ömrünü tamamladığında geri kullanıma imkân vermesi, bu yapım tekniğini çevresel olarak avantajlı hale getirmektedir. Sıkıştırılmış kil duvarların, günümüz ihtiyaçlarını ve yönetmelik koşullarını karşılamaları için bazı mekanik ve durabilite özelliklerinin iyileştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu amaçla, sıkıştırılmış kil duvarların stabilize edilerek, istenen özellikleri kazanmaları sağlanmaktadır. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, farklı stabilizasyon teknikleri ile üretilmiş sıkıştırılmış kil duvarların yapısal davranışlarının ve durabilite özelliklerinin belirlenmesidir. Sıkıştırılmış kil duvarların stabilizasyonları için çimento, kireç ve alkali aktivasyonlu yüksek fırın cürufu kullanılmış ve belirli oranlarda killi topraktan oluşan referans karışıma ilave edilmiştir. Elde edilen farklı karışımların mekanik ve durabilite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla silindir ve prizmatik numuneler üretilmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılacak killi toprağın malzeme özelliklerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla, atterberg limit deneyleri ve standart proktor deneyi yapılmıştır. Ayrıca sıkıştırılmış kil duvarların, basınç dayanımı, elastisite modülü ve kayma modülü gibi bazı mekanik özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Basınç dayanımı sonuçlarına göre durabilite deneylerinde kullanılacak karışımlar seçilmiştir. Seçilen karışımların durabilite özelliklerinin iyileştirilmesi amacıyla çinko stearat belirli oranlarda karışımlara ilave edilmiştir. Sıkıştırılmış kil duvarların durabilite özelliklerinin belirlenmesi için karsten tüpü, sprey erozyon testi, geelong erozyon testi ve yüzey ıslanabilirlik testleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ayrıca sıkıştırılmış kil duvarların çevrimsel yükler altındaki yapısal davranışlarının belirlenmesi ve diğer duvarlar ile kıyaslanabilmesi amacıyla 150x150x15 cm boyutlarında sıkıştırılmış kil duvarlar, 150x150x19 cm boyutlarında geleneksel tuğla ve 150x150x19 cm boyutlarında gazbeton duvarlar üretilmiştir. Üretilen duvarlara uygulanan çevrimsel yükler sonrasında yük taşıma kapasiteleri, enerji tüketme kapasiteleri, rijitlik azalmaları ve yerdeğiştirme süneklikleri hesaplanmıştır. Çalışmanın sonunda, çimento ve alkali aktivasyonlu yüksek fırın cürufunun sıkıştırılmış kil malzemelerinin mekanik özelliklerini iyileştirmek için kullanılabileceği belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca çinko stearat kullanımının durabilite özelliklerini önemli ölçüde arttırdığı tespit edilmiştir.Öğe Yüksek performanslı çimento bağlayıcılı odun lifli levha üretiminin araştırılması(Düzce Üniversitesi, 2018) Aykanat, Batuhan; Subaşı, SerkanYüksek performanslı çimento bağlayıcılı odun lifli levha üretimi gerçekleştirilerek ülkemizde üretimi yapılmayan bir çimentolu odun lifli levha kompozit üretilmesi bu çalışmanın ana hedefidir. Çalışma sonucunda kullanıcıların ihtiyaçları doğrultusunda farklı tiplerde yüksek performanslı odun lifli levha kompozit üretimi gerçekleştirilerek en uygun üretim şartları belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada çevre dostu, sağlığa zararsız, mekanik özellik bakımından çimentolu yonga levhaya göre daha yüksek direnç özelliklerine sahip çimento bağlayıcılı odun lifli levha üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Levhaların üretiminde bağlayıcı olarak CEM I 42,5R tipi Portland çimentosu kullanılmıştır. Farklı yoğunluklarda üretilecek olan levhalarda genleştirilmiş kil ve pirinç kabuğu gibi malzemeler farklı oranlarında kullanılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında çimentolu lif levhaların fiziksel ve mekanik özelliklerinin belirlenmesi için birim hacim ağırlık, su emme miktarı, kalınlık artış oranı, rutubet miktarı, eğilme dayanımı, elastikiyet modülü, yüzeye dik çekme direnci ve vida tutma direnci deneyleri yapılmıştır. Deneyler sonucunda yüksek mekanik özelliklere sahip çimentolu lif levhaların üretimi başarı ile gerçekleştirilmiştir.
