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    The Effect of Environmentally Friendly Cooling Techniques in Hard Turning: Comparison of Nanofluid, Vortex, GQDs and Hybrid Cooling Methods
    (Springer Heidelberg, 2024) Ayhan, Muhammed Omer; Sirin, Emine; Yildirim, cagri Vakkas
    Conventional cutting fluids have negative impacts on the environment, worker health and production costs. Thus, both researchers and manufacturers are doing many studies to obtain alternative methods. The main purpose of these studies is to obtain alternative cooling conditions that are both sustainable and efficient. For this purpose, the current study investigates the effects of different cooling and lubrication techniques on machining performance during hard turning of AISI D3 cold work tool steel. Thus, 10 different conditions such as MQL, vortex tube, graphene-doped nanofluid (GPN), graphene quantum dots doped nanofluid (GQDs) and hybrid cooling conditions including their interaction were applied. The effects of these methods on machining outputs such as surface roughness, cutting temperature, power consumption, flank wear and tool wear characterization were analyzed. Thermal conductivity and pH values were measured to see the relationship between the effect of cutting fluids on machining efficiency and homogeneity/thermal conductivity. The results showed that the vortex + GPN/GQDs hybrid cooling technique gave the best results at all outputs. Compared to dry machining, vortex + GPN/GQDs provided decreases of 53.63%, 49.01%, 56.52% and 46.47% in average surface roughness, cutting temperature, energy consumption and flank wear, respectively.