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    Manufacture and characterisation of sustainable biocomposites reinforced with waste walnut shell powder
    (Springer India, 2025) Cevik, Bekir; Avsar, Yucel
    Agricultural production brings along huge amounts of agro-industrial waste, result in environmental problems such as storage and disposal. Today, it is crucial to use waste as a source of raw materials in order to reduce environmental pollution, promote a circular economy, and support sustainable waste management. Biocomposite materials are one of the important approaches to sustainable waste management. Natural fibre reinforcements have been attracted attention in the development of biocomposites due to their biodegradability and renewability. In the study, waste walnut shells were ground in the range of -154/+77 mu m so they were used as a reinforcing element. The micro powders were mixed with bio-resin at different rates (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%) to produce a biocomposite material. Tensile, three-point bending, izod impact and hardness tests were run to determine the mechanical properties of the biocomposite materials. Moreover, water absorption test, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and SEM analysis were performed on the biocomposite samples. The highest tensile strength was obtained in biocomposite materials produced by adding 2% waste walnut shell powder. When the modulus of elasticity of all biocomposites was compared with the base material (BM), increases of approximately 100% were determined. As rate of the reinforcing element increased in biocomposite materials, micro powders agglomerated in the matrix.
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    Production of sustainable biocomposite materials developed using different agricultural waste powders as reinforcement
    (Walter De Gruyter Gmbh, 2025) Cevik, Bekir; Avsar, Yucel
    The use of agricultural wastes containing natural fibres in the materials industry within the framework of environmental approaches offers various opportunities such as efficient use of resources, waste management, carbon footprint reduction and sustainability. Biocomposite materials reinforced with agricultural wastes are one of the important approaches for sustainable waste management. In the study, mechanical, thermal and microstructural properties of biocomposite materials produced by mixing bioresin and waste walnut, hazelnut and rice husk powders were investigated. Thus, these wastes were ground with a ring mill and pulverized in the range of -77/+45 mu m. Biocomposite materials were produced by mixing 5 % by weight micropowders with epoxy resin. Tensile, three-point bending, izod impact and hardness tests were performed to determine the mechanical properties of the biocomposite materials. In addition, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis were performed on the biocomposite materials. The highest tensile strength was obtained in 5 % walnut powder-reinforced biocomposite material. All biocomposite materials had higher modulus of elasticity and lower elongation than the base material. After the base material, the highest flexural strength was obtained in the biocomposite material reinforced with 5 % rice husk powder. All reinforcing elements negatively affected the izod impact strength of the biocomposite materials. The base material and all biocomposites lost mass between approximately 200-600 degrees C.