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    Analysis of PV power plant performance considering combination of different MPPT algorithms, shading patterns and connection types
    (Elsevier - Division Reed Elsevier India Pvt Ltd, 2023) Oguz, Cagri Batuhan; Avci, Emre; Ozturk, Salih Baris
    The effeteness of MPPT algorithms is deteriorated by having more Maximum Power Points (MPPs) on the characteristics of the PV array. The number of MPPs can increase with the different connection types of PV panels and the pattern of partial shading, and it also changes the P-V (Power-Voltage) characteristics of the panel. Therefore, it is important to consider different combinations of algorithms, connection types and partial shading patterns for an effective PV plant design. This study assesses the performance of a PV power plant including a 5 x 5 PV array by considering eight different connection types, six partial shading conditions (PSCs), and three well-known MPPT algorithms, all together, on the TMS320F28335 DSP platform. The obtained results and analyses show that the TCT (Total Cross Tied) connection type has higher performance than the other connection types under all PSCs with an average of 25.98% Mismatched Loss (ML), 54.3% Fill Factor (FF) and 13.45% efficiency (??????). As for the shading patterns, the Diagonal (DG) pattern has less effect on the system's ML and FF values, and the Long Wide (LW) pattern is less effective in reducing system ??????. Regarding the algorithms, it has been proven that the performance of a PV system using the simplest form of the basic algorithms can reach the performance of the system using complex algorithms when the connection type is well-adjusted according to the shading patterns. Overall, the given analyses and results prove the significance of taking into account the combination of different MPPT algorithms, types of panel connections, and partial shading patterns to enhance PV system power efficiency and reduce the complexity of PV power plant installations.
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    A comprehensive review of battery thermal management systems for electric vehicles
    (Sage Publications Ltd, 2022) Çetin, İrfan; Sezici, Ekrem; Karabulut, Mustafa; Avci, Emre; Polat, Fikret
    Trying to prevent and mitigate carbon emissions and air pollution is one of the biggest challenges for the technological development of the automobile industry. In addition, the automobile industry has stepped up research and field applications of electric vehicles as the European Union encourages the restriction of the use of conventional fuel-powered vehicles such as diesel and gasoline vehicles. However, the cycle life, environmental adaptability, driving range, and charging time of the battery currently used in electric vehicles are far beyond comparison with internal combustion engines. Therefore, studies have focused on batteries, and battery thermal management systems (BTMSs) have been developed. Battery performance is highly dependent on temperature and the purpose of an effective BTMS is to ensure that the battery pack operates within an appropriate temperature range. Ensuring that the battery operates in the appropriate temperature range is vital for both efficiency and safety. To determine the best convenient BTMS for several types of battery packs attached to many factors such as volumetric constraints, installation costs, and working efficiency. The maximum temperature rise and the maximum temperature difference are the basic parameters to analyze the efficiency of the BTMS. Most of the research about thermal management has focused on especially air cooling, liquid cooling, and phase change material (PCM) cooling methods. In this study, different BTMSs (air cooling, liquid cooling, PCM cooling, etc.) were examined and their advantages and disadvantages were compared, usage restrictions in today's technology, requirements, and studies on this subject were reported.
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    Dual-Mode Operation of 3-Level 4-Leg AT-NPC Inverter for Microgrids
    (Ieee, 2019) Avci, Emre; Ucar, Mehmet
    This study presents dual-mode operation and seamless transfer of 3-level 4-leg Advanced T-type Neutral Point Clamped (AT-NPC) inverter for low voltage microgrids. The proposed control technique is designed with Proportional Resonant (PR) based current controlled in grid-connected operation and with Proportional Multi Resonant (PMR) based voltage controlled in islanded operation. In order to ensure smooth transition between these operating modes, combined seamless transfer method is proposed. The proposed 3-phase 4-leg inverter system can supply both 1-phase and unbalanced 3-phase load groups in islanded mode. A laboratory prototype is installed for the experimental testing of the 3-phase 4-leg AT-NPC 3-level inverter system. The proposed system is simulated via PSIM software and the model-based embedded codes are generated with PSIM/SimCoder software. Real-time control algorithm of the inverter system is carried out with TMS320F28335 digital signal controller board. Finally, the operation performance of the inverter system is investigated both in the islanded/grid-connected mode and the seamless transfer process between these two operating modes.
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    Electrical fault and reliability analysis of various PV array connection types
    (Elsevier - Division Reed Elsevier India Pvt Ltd, 2024) Avci, Emre
    The increasing interest in solar energy has led to the development of various connection types designed to enhance the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems under different environmental conditions. Addressing the challenges associated with these connection types is crucial for improving the reliability of solar energy utilization. Accordingly, the significance of electrical faults in PV systems with different array configurations has grown. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate Line-to-Different Line (LDL), Line-to-Line (LL), and Line-to-Neutral (LN) electrical fault types using the Series-Parallel (SP), Total-Cross-Tie (TCT), Bridge- Link (BL), Honey-Comb (HC), SP-TCT, BL-TCT, BL-HC, and HC-TCT PV array connection types on the TMS320F28338 DSP kit based Processor-in-Loop (PIL) platform. To do this, The Reliability Index (RI) and Efficiency Index (EI) are defined and calculated for all possible fault types based on the array's fault current and generated power. Additionally, the current paths of the system under different fault conditions for eight configuration types are formalized. With this, the electrical fault states of a PV array in any dimension can be easily analyzed with the proposed method, and it will also facilitate the electrical fault analysis of a new PV configuration to be proposed in the future. The results of this work indicate that among the eight configurations, the TCT achieves the highest RI value of 3.59 under all electrical fault types. In contrast, the SP configuration has the lowest RI of 1.28. Conversely, the SP array configuration shows a significantly higher average EI of 81.86%, while the TCT configuration has the lowest EI of 56.56%. These indicate that the TCT configuration is the most reliable under electrical faults; however, the SP configuration is the most efficient. In addition, among the three electrical fault types, the LN fault causes more deterioration in the RI and EI across almost all connection types.
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    MIL, SIL and PIL Implementation for Closed Loop Control ofFlyback Converter
    (Gazi Univ, 2024) Ali, Muhammad; Sen, Ismet; Ozturk, Salih Baris; Avci, Emre
    Power electronic systems are rapidly evolving; thus,effective prototyping methods are required to test control algorithms and assess system performance prior to hardware implementation. This research suggests a Model-In-The-Loop (MIL), Software-In-The-Loop (SIL), and Processor-In-The-Loop (PIL) methodologies-based complete prototyping strategy for flyback converters using the TIF28069M Launchpad kit. These techniques can be combined to evaluate control strategies accurately and quickly, speeding up design cycles and enhancing system reliability. The proposed prototyping platform is presented in this work, along with a thorough explanation of each prototyping stage and its associated advantages. The effectiveness of the suggested approachfor 50W rated power flyback converter in terms of quick algorithm development, system simulation, real-time control implementationand controller design accuracy isanalyzed andshown by experimental results.The results show that the performance of the designed controller for the flyback converter is almost the same as in MIL and SIL implementation in terms of the overshoot and settling time in the reference voltage tracking. On the other hand, in the PIL implementation, the overshoot performance of the controller deviates by 1.18% more than in SIL and MIL implementation.These alsoconfirm thatthe flyback control system's performance isreliable and effective during all phases of development.
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    Proportional multi-resonant-based controller design method enhanced with a lead compensator for stand-alone mode three-level three-phase four-leg advanced T-NPC inverter system
    (Inst Engineering Technology-Iet, 2020) Avci, Emre; Ucar, Mehmet
    This study presents an inverter current sampled double-loop proportional multi-resonant (PMR)-based control technique for three-level (3L) three-phase four-leg (3P4L) advanced T-type neutral point clamped (AT-NPC) stand-alone mode inverter. Apart from the conventional linear controller the PMR controller has the ability to track a sinusoidal reference and does not require any axis transformation. Therefore, the main advantage of the proposed control technique for a 3P4L inverter is to independently control the output phase voltages when feeding a single phase and/or three phase loads. This is achieved by the inverter current sampled double-loop controller with a lead compensator in order to increase the control system phase margin unlike the capacitor current sampled controller. Thus, the harmonic compensation capability of the controller is increased which strengthens the controller against highly non-linear load types. The design procedures of the controller for the system are analytically explained. Then, the steady-state and dynamic performance of the controller is tested in a 3L 3P4L AT-NPC inverter system through many simulations and experimental studies. The results verify the fast-dynamic performance and the achievement of the low total harmonic distortion with a maximum of 2.89% for the 3L 3P4L AT-NPC inverter system even under serious non-linear load type.