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    Multi-objective optimization based grey relational analysis and investigation of using the waste animal fat biodiesel on the engine characteristics
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2023) Gad, Mohammed Sayed; El-Shafay, A. S.; Alqsair, U.F.; Ağbulut, Ümit; Attia, E.-A.
    In the present work, biodiesel has been produced from waste chicken fat, and its usability test as an alternative fuel has been comprehensively discussed. A diesel engine has been tested at varying engine speeds (from 1800 to 3400 prm with the interval of 400 rpm) under full load condition. Esterification and transesterification of waste chicken fat were used to produce chicken methyl ester. Then this produced biodiesel has been blended into the conventional diesel fuel volumetrically from 25 to 100 %, and the main properties of these test fuels have been determined. In the results, it is noticed that the addition of waste chicken biodiesel to petroleum diesel fuel declines the engine brake power and thermal efficiency by 28 and 23 % due to the low calorific value, and high viscosity of biodiesel, but increases the EGT and BSFC by 29 and 25 %, respectively. Thanks to the high oxygen content of biodiesel fuel, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, and smoke concentrations have been dropped by approximately 47, 12, and 48 %, respectively but the concentration of nitrogen oxides has shown an increment to be 25 % when chicken methyl esters (B100) have been completely used instead of diesel fuel. On the other hand, significant combustion parameters such as heat release rate, ignition delay, and peak in-cylinder pressure have been recorded less than those of methyl ester by 8, 10, and 19 %, respectively as compared to those of conventional diesel fuel. Multi-criteria decision-making with grey relational analysis has been also conducted in this work. Based on the optimization results, The blending ratio range between 0 and 20 % and the speed range between 2600 and 3000 rpm is recommended because of the improvement in engine combustion and emission characteristics. In the conclusion, the present work reported that the waste chicken methyl ester can be utilized as a substitute fuel at the modest blending ratios for diesel engines without any modification on the vehicular system. © 2023 Elsevier Ltd
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    Waste to energy: Production of poultry-based fat biodiesel and experimental assessment of its usability on engine behaviors
    (Elsevier Ltd, 2023) El-Shafay, A. S.; Ağbulut, Ümit; Attia, E.-A.; Touileb, K.L.; Gad, Mohammed Sayed
    High volatility in fuel prices, energy security issues, and concerns about rising emissions have always driven researchers to search for renewable alternative fuels. Therefore, researchers have agreed on the idea that biodiesel fuels obtained from the various feedstocks have been the best alternative to conventional fuels. Accordingly, in the present research, the chicken oil biodiesel is first produced with esterification, and then transesterification methods, and then it is blended with conventional diesel fuel at volumetric ratios of 25, 50, 75, and 100%. In the experiments, a compression ignition engine is loaded from 0 to 100% with intervals of 25% at a rated speed of 3000 rpm. The paper intends to observe how the fuel properties changed and to discuss the influences of the produced chicken oil methyl ester on the engine behaviors (combustion, performance, and emission). The results demonstrated that blending of chicken oil methyl ester into diesel fuel reduces engine mean effective pressure and thermal efficiency by 35 and 23%, respectively by increasing the specific fuel consumption and exhaust gas temperature by 25 and 29%, respectively, due to the lower calorific value of chicken biodiesel. On the other hand, with the blending of chicken biodiesel, significant reductions in CO, HC, and smoke opacity are found to be 12, 47, and 48%, respectively, but it results in an increment of 25% for NOx emission. Considering the combustion parameters, it is noticed that peak cylinder pressure, heat release rate, and ignition delay decline by 8, 10, and 19%, respectively, for methyl ester compared to conventional diesel fuel. In the conclusion, the paper clearly reports that chicken methyl ester can be utilized as a fuel substitute in diesel engines without any modification, and it results in considerable reductions in some significant exhaust emissions. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd